Class 1

Question 1

Saturated

Answer 1

By definition, an organic molecule is said to be saturated if it contains no Pi bonds and no rings.

Question 2

Unsaturated

Answer 2

It is unsaturated if it has at least one Pi bond or a ring.

Question 3

Degree of unsaturation formula

Answer 3

{ (2n+2) - x } / 2

n= # of Carbons
x = Number of hydrogens/ F, Cl, Br, I
always ignore O
subtract the number of N present from x

Question 4

What does one degree of unsaturation indicate?

Answer 4

One degree of unsaturation indicates the presence of one Pi bond or one ring.

Question 5

What does two degrees of unsaturation indicate?

Answer 5

Two Pi bonds or
one Pi bond and one Ring or
Two Rings

Question 6

2 Pi bonds can be

Answer 6

two separate double bonds or one triple bond

Question 7

double bond

Answer 7

One π bond on top of an existing σ bond is a double bond

Question 8

triple bond

Answer 8

“A σ bond and two π bonds form a triple bond”

Question 9

Can a Pi bond stand independently without a sigma bond?

Answer 9

“It is important to remember that a π bond cannot exist independently of a σ bond.”

Question 10

Which bonds are more easier to break, single, double or triple?

Answer 10

“Shorter bonds hold atoms more closely together and are stronger than longer bonds; shorter bonds require more energy to break.”

Question 11

on the MCAT, how the carbocations usually appear?

Answer 11

spy hybridized with an empty p orbital

Question 12

STABILITY

Tertiary Carbocation

Answer 12

More stable
Less reactive
Lower energy

Question 13

STABILITY

methyl Carboanion

Answer 13

More stable
Less reactive
Lower energy

Question 14

The reactivity of a molecule is inversely related to its

Answer 14

stability.

This means that the molecules that are more stable are less reactive.

Question 15

What are the two major ways Organic intermediates are stabilized?

Answer 15

1. Inductive effects &

2. Resonance effects

Question 16

Inductive effects

Answer 16

stabilize charge through sigma bonds

Question 17

Resonance effects

Answer 17

stabilize charge by delocalization through Pi bonds

Question 18

Usually which groups tend to withdraw and which groups tend to donate?

Answer 18

Groups more electronegative than carbon tend to withdraw, while groups less electronegative than carbon tend to donate.

Question 19

Alkyl substituents are always

Answer 19

electron donating groups

eg. CH3

Question 20

What does electron-donating groups do?

Answer 20

Electron-donating groups tend to stabilize electron-deficient intermediates (carbocations)

Question 21

What does electron-withdrawing groups do?

Answer 21

electron-withdrawing groups tend to stabilize electron rich intermediates (carbanions).

Question 22

inductive effect

Answer 22

The stabilization of reaction intermediates by the sharing of electrons through sigma bonds is called the induction effect.