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Plant Propagation > Class 1 > Flashcards

Class 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Propagation

A

Making more plants

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2
Q

What were the first methods of propagation by humans?

A

Selecting seeds, vegetative propagation of potatoes, Grafting in China / England in orchards

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3
Q

What are the two categories of propagation?

A

Sexual and Asexual

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4
Q

What are advantages of sexual propagation?

A

economical, easier, new hybrids, disease-free

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5
Q

What are advantages of asexual propagation?

A

faster, easier, maintain cultivars, bypass juvenile stage

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6
Q

What are methods of asexual propagation?

A

Cuttings, Layering, Grafting, Division / Separation, Micropropagation

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7
Q

What type of cuttings can be used for cutting propagation?

A

leaf, root (entirely new plant), stem

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8
Q

What are some ways plants reproduce naturally (asexual)?

A

spreading by roots, basal suckers, rhizomes, bulbs, layering (spider plant)

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9
Q

Angiosperm

A

plant that flowers and produces fruit / seed (300,000 species)

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10
Q

Gymnosperm

A

cone bearing plants, naked seeds inside of cone that open when ripe to release seed

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11
Q

Why does pollination need to occur?

A

Pollination must occur to get a fertilized egg, fruit, and seed set

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12
Q

What are the three methods of pollination?

A

cross pollination, self pollination (autogamy), and self pollination (geitanogamy)

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13
Q

What happens in self pollination (autogamy)?

A

Same flower pollinates itself, genes are the same

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14
Q

What happens in self pollination (geitanogamy)?

A

pollen from one flower goes into another flower on the same plant, genes are the same

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15
Q

What are imperfect flowers?

A

Flowers can be either male or female, not both

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16
Q

What is dioecious (“two houses”)?

A

male and female flowers are on separate plants

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17
Q

What is monoecious (“one house”)?

A

male and female flowers are on the same plant

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18
Q

What are perfect flowers?

A

flowers that have both male and female parts in one flower

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19
Q

What is a dimorphic flower structure?

A

tall style / stigma and short stamens to prevent self pollination in perfect flowers

20
Q

What is dichogamy?

A

timing; flower stigma is receptive before pollen grains on that plant are mature to prevent self pollination

21
Q

Why are plants evolving to prevent self-pollination an encourage cross pollination?

A

variety of genes, makes plants more resilient

22
Q

What is self-incompatibility?

A

self-pollination in these plants won’t work because of a protein structure

23
Q

When is self-pollination an advantage?

A

not many plants, needs to reproduce quickly to survive

24
Q

Food crops that generally self pollinate

A

pea, bean, tomato

25
Q

Food crops that must cross pollinate

A

cabbage, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprout; spinach, asparagus

26
Q

Food crops that prefer to cross pollinate

A

cucurbits, onion, corn, peppers, eggplant, apples

27
Q

What are hybrid seeds?

A

Cross of genetics between two variants

28
Q

Why are hybrids an advantage?

A

increased yields, uniform size, disease resistance

29
Q

F1 hybrid

A

One parent has TT (two dominant) genes that overpower the other parent’s tt (recessive) genes on all four quadrants

30
Q

F2 hybrid

A

both parents have Tt genes and there is a 25% chance of a recessive pairing (tt)

31
Q

What is co-dominance?

A

A blend of two traits (i.e. red is dominant and white is recessive, some show up as pink blends)

32
Q

What is an open-pollinated seed?

A

seeds allowed to pollinate and set seed naturally (i.e. wind and insect-aided pollination); generations of open-pollination can create stability in commercial varieties; heirloom seeds are a subcategory of open-pollinated seeds

33
Q

What is an heirloom seed?

A

originated pre-WWII; typically shared informally; is open pollinated but was regionally distinct and the time period matters here

34
Q

Review genus, species, variety, and cultivar writing system

A

Cercis canadensis - (genus / species)

Cercis canadensis ‘Forest Pansy’ or cv. ‘Forest Pansy’ - cultivar

Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Moraine’ - variety with a cultivar

35
Q

Cutting

A

growing a plant from a piece of an existing plant

36
Q

layering

A

new plant stays attached to mother until roots form (i.e. spider plant); lays on ground to develop roots

37
Q

grafting

A

connecting two plants into one (common in fruit and nut trees)

38
Q

Division

A

splitting a plant up to create more plants

39
Q

Adventitious

A

refers to structures, such as roots, shoots, or buds, that grow in unusual or unexpected locations, rather than from the typical places; for support, propagation, nutrient uptake, survival

40
Q

Scion

A

a part of a plant, typically a young shoot or twig, that is used in grafting. It is the upper part of the graft that will grow and form the main portion of the plant after grafting. The scion is attached to a rootstock, which provides the root system and sometimes influences the scion’s growth, hardiness, or disease resistance.

41
Q

Rootstock

A

the lower part of a plant used in grafting, including the root system and sometimes a portion of the stem. It provides support, nutrients, water, and certain beneficial characteristics to the plant, while the upper part of the graft, known as the scion, determines the plant’s desired traits

42
Q

Corm

A

short, thickened, underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ. It helps the plant survive adverse conditions, such as drought or winter, by storing nutrients in the form of starch. Corms are one type of geophyte, which are plants that survive through underground structures.

43
Q

Bulb

A

a specialized underground storage organ made up of a short, fleshy stem surrounded by layers of modified leaves or scales that store nutrients.

44
Q

Rhizome

A

a horizontal, underground stem that grows below or just at the soil surface. It serves as a storage organ and a means of vegetative reproduction, allowing the plant to spread and survive adverse conditions such as winter or drought.

45
Q

Crown

A

the part of the plant where the stem meets the roots. It is typically located at or just above the soil surface and serves as a critical growth point for many plants. The crown is a key area for the development of new shoots, leaves, and roots.

46
Q

Stolon

A

a horizontal, above-ground stem that grows along the surface of the soil. It helps plants spread and propagate vegetatively by producing new shoots and roots at nodes. Stolons are also known as runners in some plants.

47
Q
A

Plant Propagation (2 decks)

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