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PH 172 - Vaccinations > Class 01 slides_07Jan2025 > Flashcards

Class 01 slides_07Jan2025 Flashcards

1
Q

3 What is the main focus of the course PH 172?

A

Immunizations and Public Health

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2
Q

What are the key public health principles emphasized in the course?

A
  • Justice
  • Equity
  • Diversity
  • Inclusion
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3
Q

What is the role of the FDA in immunization policy?

A

To license the safe manufacture of immunization products

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4
Q

What does the term ‘passive immunization’ refer to?

A

Provision of short-term protection from another source; a ‘gift of antibodies’

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5
Q

What is ‘active immunization’?

A

Induction of long-term protection by challenge with infection or infection-related antigens

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6
Q

How do immunizations affect morbidity and mortality on an individual level?

A

Reduce morbidity (illness) and mortality (death) from infectious pathogens

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7
Q

What is meant by ‘control’ in terms of vaccine-preventable infections?

A

Reduction in incidence to a locally acceptable level; continued intervention measures are required

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: ‘Immunization is an action taken to induce _______.’

A

[immunity]

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9
Q

What is the definition of ‘eradication’ as per WHO and CDC?

A

Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection; intervention measures no longer needed

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10
Q

Who demonstrated the first successful vaccination against smallpox?

A

Edward Jenner in 1796

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11
Q

What significant event occurred in 1885 related to rabies vaccination?

A

Louis Pasteur demonstrated the use of a rabies vaccine

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12
Q

What was the outcome of the Cutter incident in 1955?

A

200 children developed paralytic polio and 10 died due to improperly inactivated poliovirus in the vaccine

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13
Q

What year was the US Communicable Disease Center (CDC) created?

A

1946

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14
Q

What are the course logistics regarding class engagement?

A

In-class attendance is incentivized by reflection points

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the Biologics Control Act enacted between 1902-1906?

A

To regulate the safety of biologics, including vaccines, after incidents of contamination

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16
Q

True or False: Immunization topics may incite passionate views.

A

True

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17
Q

What is the significance of the CDC Pink Book?

A

It serves as a comprehensive resource for immunization information

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18
Q

List the important vaccine-preventable diseases discussed in class.

A
  • Smallpox
  • Polio
  • Influenza
  • COVID-19
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19
Q

What does the course emphasize about public health values?

A

Justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion are valued in public health practice

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20
Q

What should students do if they use GenAI tools for assignments?

A

Cite the tool and describe how it was used

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21
Q

What does the term ‘extinction’ refer to in the context of infectious agents?

A

The specific infectious agent no longer exists in nature or in the laboratory

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22
Q

What incident highlighted failures of the FDA in vaccine manufacturing?

A

The Cutter incident

In 1955, the Cutter incident involved the administration of a polio vaccine that led to cases of paralytic polio and deaths.

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23
Q

Who is Paul Offit, MD?

A

Director of the Vaccine Education Center and professor of pediatrics at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

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24
Q

What significant vaccines were developed in the 1960s?

A

Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines

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25
What was launched by the World Health Organization in 1967?
A coordinated global smallpox eradication program
26
When was smallpox declared globally eradicated?
1980
27
What is considered one of the greatest achievements in public health?
The eradication of smallpox
28
What public concerns increased in the 1980s regarding vaccines?
Concerns about rare vaccine-related adverse events
29
What did the 1986 National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act establish?
The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)
30
What program was established in 1988 to provide compensation for adverse events following immunization?
National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (NVICP)
31
What was the impact of adding vaccines for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcal infections in the 1990s?
>99% reduction in infant meningitis
32
What was the goal of the Vaccines for Children (VFC) Program established in 1993?
To improve vaccine equity and access
33
What vaccine did the CDC/ACIP recommend for infants in 1998?
Live oral rotavirus vaccine
34
What safety concern led to the withdrawal of the rotavirus vaccine recommendation in 1999?
Intussusception (bowel obstruction/telescoping) in infants
35
What did the CDC/ACIP recommend in 2004 regarding vaccination in pregnancy?
Influenza vaccine in pregnancy
36
What vaccine was recommended in every pregnancy by the CDC/ACIP in 2012?
Pertussis-containing vaccine (Tdap)
37
What pandemic occurred in 2009-2010?
Influenza A/H1N1 pandemic
38
What was the toll of the 2009 influenza pandemic in the US?
60 million cases; 12,000 deaths
39
What significant vaccine development occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic?
mRNA-based vaccines became available in December 2020
40
What estimated impact did COVID-19 vaccines have in the US?
Prevented 18 million hospitalizations and 3 million deaths
41
What milestone was evaluated by the CDC in 2024?
Impact of US Vaccines for Children program at its 30 year anniversary
42
What did WHO estimate about global childhood vaccine programs by 2024?
Prevented more than 150 million deaths over the past 50 years
43
Why are vaccines considered important in public health?
Vaccines have saved more lives and prevented more morbidity and disability than any other medical intervention
44
What is meant by 'vaccinology'?
A rigorous and challenging academic field related to immunization science
45
How many vaccine products are currently FDA-licensed or authorized in the US?
More than 75
46
What factors contribute to the complexity of immunization recommendations?
Evolving US standards of care and rapidly changing vaccine guidance during pandemics
47
What concerns do immunization recipients often have?
Concerns about pain or adverse reactions from interventions
48
What does the term 'pathogen' refer to?
Microbial agents, microbes, germs, bugs
49
What are bacteria?
Microscopic organisms with DNA within cellular machinery
50
What are viruses?
Tiny spheres of DNA or RNA in a protein or lipoprotein coat
51
What are parasites?
Organisms with defined nuclei that may live within a host
52
What are fungi?
Diverse group of eukaryotes with complex internal structures
53
What is a host in the context of infections?
A person or animal infected by a pathogen
54
What is a vector in disease transmission?
An organism that carries a pathogen without being harmed
55
What are zoonotic infections?
Pathogens that can cause illness in humans and other animal species
56
What are antimicrobial agents?
Medications like antibiotics, anti-virals, and anti-fungals
57
What are immunizations?
Vaccines that induce active immune protection from a pathogen
58
What should pathogen names avoid according to WHO Best Practices?
Geographic locations, cultural or occupational terms, animals, people's names
59
Fill in the blank: The 1986 National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act established the _______.
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)
60
Fill in the blank: Vaccines preventing Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcal infections were added to the routine infant vaccine schedule in the _______.
1990s
61
True or False: All vaccines are administered by intramuscular injection.
False
62
True or False: Vaccines are never recommended in pregnancy.
False
63
Which of the following statements about immunizations is TRUE? A. All vaccines are administered by intramuscular injection B. Vaccines are never recommended in pregnancy C. Vaccine recommendations are updated several times each year in the US D. Smallpox vaccine is currently part of the routine childhood vaccine schedule
C
64
What are the WHO Best Practices on naming new pathogens?
Names may describe microscopic appearance, clinical presentation, or year discovered. Names should NOT be based on geographic locations, cultural or occupational terms, animals, or people’s names. ## Footnote This guideline was published in 2015.
65
How many pathogens that cause human infections are vaccine-preventable?
32 pathogens are vaccine-preventable with current US FDA-approved vaccines. ## Footnote Some pathogens have multiple types that are vaccine-preventable.
66
List some bacterial vaccine-preventable infections.
* Anthrax * Cholera * Diphtheria * Hib * Meningococci * Pertussis * Pneumococci * Tetanus * Tuberculosis * Typhoid
67
List some viral vaccine-preventable infections.
* Adenovirus (types 4 and 7) * Ebola virus * Chikungunya virus * Dengue (types 1, 2, 3, and 4) * Hepatitis A * Hepatitis B * HPV * Influenza * Japanese Encephalitis virus * Measles * Mpox * Mumps * Polio * Rabies * Rotavirus * RSV * Rubella * SARS-CoV-2 * Smallpox * Tick-Borne Encephalitis virus * Varicella zoster virus * Yellow Fever virus
68
What infections can be treated or prevented by passive immunization products?
* Anthrax * Diphtheria * Hepatitis B * Rabies * RSV * SARS-CoV-2 * Smallpox * Tetanus * Varicella ## Footnote No vaccines are available for botulism, cytomegalovirus, and envenomations.
69
What is a key goal of immunization?
Providing lifelong protection from infection. ## Footnote Best examples include vaccines for Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Measles, Mumps, Polio, Rubella, Smallpox, Varicella, and Yellow Fever.
70
What is the goal of immunization during a vulnerable period of life?
Providing short-term protection from infection. ## Footnote Examples include infant vaccinations and travel vaccinations.
71
What is the goal of immunization related to the severity of infections?
Reducing severity of infection. ## Footnote Vaccines like influenza and SARS-CoV-2 can prevent serious illness, hospitalization, or death.
72
What does herd immunity refer to?
Indirect protection of vulnerable people through vaccination of the population. ## Footnote Only a few vaccine recommendations specifically focus on protecting others, such as maternal vaccines.
73
What is the significance of the Varicella vaccine?
Prevents chickenpox and reduces the risk of developing shingles later in life. ## Footnote Shingles risk increases after age 50.
74
Which infections can lead to infection-related cancer?
* Hepatitis B virus * Human papillomavirus (HPV) ## Footnote HPV is linked to cervical cancer and other cancers.
75
What is the global burden of Tuberculosis (TB)?
One-third of the world affected; over 1 million deaths each year. ## Footnote The US has a much lower TB burden.
76
What is the BCG vaccine?
A live-attenuated bacterial vaccine primarily preventing severe disease in young children. ## Footnote It is a high-risk vaccine with specific recommendations for use in the US.
77
What is the global burden of malaria?
Over 220 million cases and over 400,000 deaths estimated each year. ## Footnote The burden in the US is low.
78
What is the status of malaria vaccines?
First malaria vaccine approved by WHO in 2021 and second in 2023; no US FDA-approved malaria vaccines. ## Footnote Vaccines are recommended for infants in high-risk countries.
79
When was HIV identified and what is its significance?
Identified in 1981; remains a long-standing pandemic with over 1 million new infections each year. ## Footnote Antiviral treatments have dramatically reduced case fatality.
80
What is Bacillus anthracis?
A hardy spore-forming bacteria common in livestock that can also infect humans. ## Footnote Inhalational anthrax has a 50-90% case-fatality rate.
81
What is the anthrax vaccine?
Inactivated human vaccine requiring multiple doses and annual boosters; effectiveness estimated as >90%. ## Footnote Serious adverse events are very rare.

PH 172 - Vaccinations (1 decks)

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