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Principles > Clasp - Cancer > Flashcards

Clasp - Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells due to a stimulus

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2
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of cells

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3
Q

Define atrophy

A

Decrease in size AND/OR volume of cells

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4
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Reversible change from one mature cell type to another

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5
Q

Define neoplasia

A

Growth without stimulus - broad term

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6
Q

What is the nomenclature for a smooth muscle tumour

A

leiomyoma/sarcoma

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7
Q

What is the nomenclature for a skeletal muscle tumour

A

Rhabdomyoma/sarcoma

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8
Q

What is the nomenclature for a adipose tissue tumour

A

Lipoma/Liposarcoma

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9
Q

What is the nomenclature for a bone tumour

A

Osteoma/osteosarcoma

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10
Q

What is the nomenclature for a cartilage tumour

A

Chondroma/chondrosarcoma

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11
Q

What is the nomenclature for a blood vessel tumour

A

Haemangioma/angiosarcoma

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12
Q

What is the nomenclature for a nerve tumour

A

neuroma/MPNST

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13
Q

What does raised alkaline phosphatase suggest?

A

A problem with the liver or the bone

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14
Q

What do raised alkaline phosphatase and raised gamma GT suggest?

A

A problem with the liver

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15
Q

What is a cholestatic picture based on bloods?

A

Raised alkaline phosphatase, raised bilirubin, raised ALT

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16
Q

What is SAAG?

A

Serum Ascites Albumin Gradient - difference in concentration of albumin in serum compared to in the ascites

17
Q

What does a wide SAAG suggest?

A

Pathology causing portal hypertension

18
Q

What is an exudate and what does it suggest?

A

Pleural effusion fluid contains ≥ 30g/L protein, suggesting local pathology

19
Q

What is a transudate and what does it suggest?

A

Pleural effusion fluid containing <30g/L protein, suggesting systemic pathology

20
Q

What is radical treatment intent?

A

Curative intent, often significant side effects

21
Q

What is palliative treatment intent?

A

Non-curative intent to reduce symptoms, no significant side effects

22
Q

What is adjuvant treatment intent?

A

After surgery to reduce remission risk

23
Q

What is neo-adjuvant treatment intent?

A

Before surgery, to shrink tumour before surgical removal

24
Q

What is overall survival time?

A

Time alive

25
Q

What is disease free survival time?

A

Time spent with no signs/symptoms of cancer

26
Q

What is progression free survival time?

A

Time spent with cancer but without cancer progression

27
Q

What is local control time?

A

Time without recurrence or progression at a specific tumour site

28
Q

What is the ‘two hit hypothesis’ in inherited cancer?

A

The inherited mutation is the ‘first hit’ and a somatic (acquired) second mutation is the ‘second hit’ that leads to cancer

29
Q

What are the 2 types of mutations in cancer relevant to NGS?

A

Driver mutations and passenger mutations

30
Q

Why do tumours continuously acquire more mutations?

A

They lose the ability to repair DNA giving them genomic instability

31
Q

What are the 3 mutation mechanisms from which cancers arise?

A
  1. Mutations leading to inactivation of tumour suppressor genes
  2. Activation of oncogenes
  3. Mutations in DNA repair pathways
32
Q

What is multifactorial inheritence?

A

Multiple inherited polymorphisms that increase the likelihood of getting a certain cancer, but not as much as a single autosomal dominant mutation (mendelian disorders)

33
Q

Name the histological layers in the GI tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa/propria
Adventitia/serosa

34
Q

What defines a T1 tumour?

A

Tumour cells have breached the muscularis mucosa and are present in the submucosa

35
Q

What defines a T2 tumour?

A

Tumour cells have infiltrated the muscularis externa

36
Q

What defines a T3 tumour?

A

Tumour cells which are unbound by muscle are located beyond the muscularis externa

37
Q

What defines a T4 tumour?

A

Tumour cells are present in the adventitia/serosa

Principles (1 decks)

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