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Clasp JC > Clasp > Flashcards

Clasp Flashcards

1
Q

What cancers can obesity contribute to ?

A

Endometrial
Stomach
Oesophageal
Colorectal

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2
Q

What cancers can an increased salt intake cause?

A

Gastric cancer

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3
Q

What types of cancer can eating red meat cause

A

Bowel

Stomach

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4
Q

What are some of the factors that can influence onset of endometrial cancer

A

Age of first pregnancy
Lower weight in later life
Post weaning breast re-modelling
Breast feeding

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5
Q

What cancers can eating high portions of fruit and veg prevent?

A

Lung cancer

Bowel cancer

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6
Q

What vitamin can decrease chances of lung cancer? What is the caviate?

A

Vitamin A; carotenoid intake decreases lung cancer

Good at a specific range, high doses can promote cancer

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7
Q

What can an increase in milk, cheese and yogurt reduce your risk of?

A

Colorectal cancer

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8
Q

What is an increased intake of alcohol associated with? What cancers?

A 
Oesophageal 
Gastric 
Oral 
Breast
Liver
Bowel
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9
Q

What chemical in coffee and toast is a potential carcinogen?

A

Acrylamide

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10
Q

Epithelium3D.com

A

Use for histology

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11
Q

Man presents with an epithelial malignancy, this would be known as a what?

A

Carcinoma

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12
Q

What common cancers do children get?

A

Blood, brain and bone

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13
Q

Where does a metastasis in the testicles go? What nodes?

A

Para-aortic nodes

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14
Q

Where does metastasis from the lung go?

A

Bone, brain, adrenal and liver

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15
Q

Man presents with a rhabdomyoma, what does he have?

A

Benign tumour of the skeletal muscle

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16
Q

Man presents with a liposarcoma, what does he have?

A

A malignancy of fat

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17
Q

Man presents with an osteosarcoma. What does he have?

A

Bone metastasis

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18
Q

Man presents with chondrosarcoma, what does he have?

A

Metastasis of the cartilage

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19
Q

What is ewings sarcoma

A

Cancer found in bone or soft tissue, comonly in pelvis, femur, humerus, ribs and clavicle

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20
Q

Man presents with a spindle cell appearance in a histology slide of the smooth muscle. Diagnosis?

A

Leiosarcoma

Malignancy of the smooth muscle

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21
Q

Man presents with night sweats, weight loss and lymph nodes inflammed. Diagnosis

A

TB

22
Q

What is a melanoma?

A

A malignancy of the melanocytes in the skin

23
Q

What is a glioma?

A

Brain tumour

24
Q

Brain tumours can metastasis to other areas, true or false

A

Largely false

Maybe metastatsis down spinal cord
MAINLY if tumours in brain more likely metastasis from other area

25
Q

What is prostatism?

A

Due to prostate being too big with symptoms of urinary hesitation, post micturition dribbling, difficulty in voiding

26
Q

What is PSA?

A

A biochemical marker for benign prostatic hyperplasia

27
Q

What are the four parameters to determine how good a test is?

A

Sensitivity (no. People with disease who are tested +)
Specificity (no. People without disease tested -)
Positive predicted value/ negative predicted value

28
Q

What is AFP a tumour marker for?

A

Germ cell tumours

29
Q

What does a raised ALK phosphate suggest (ALP)?

A 
Cholestatic liver disease
Bone issues (as osteoblasts produce ALP when making bone)
Small intestinal lymphomas
30
Q

How can you classify a pleural effusion as an exudate?

A

By ratio of pleural fluid proteins: serum proteins being greater than 0.5

LDH greater than 2/3 upper limit

Ratio of fluid LDH: serum LDH greater than 0.6

31
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid glands (PTH)?

A

Control serum levels of calcium (important as high calcium can prevent sodium reabsorption causing excretion of sodium and water= dehydration)

32
Q

What is radical treatment in context of oncology

A

Something with curative intent, to eradicate a tumour often with many treatment side effects.

33
Q

What is an adjuvant? In context of oncology

A

Something after surgery, aiming to reduce risk of recurrence e.g chemotherapy

34
Q

What is a neo-adjuvant? In context of oncology

A

Something treatment before surgery, to shrink a tumour before removal

35
Q

What is progression free survival

A

Time living with cancer that its not getting worse. Controlled with treatment.

36
Q

What is local control ? In context of oncology

A

Time without recurrence or progression at a specific tumour site

37
Q

What is brachytherapy ?

A

Implantation of radioactive source into a patient to treat cancer

38
Q

What are some of the side effects of chemotherapy ?

A

Alopecia,
Mucocitis (mouth ulcers)
Renal/ liver impairment

39
Q

What are some of the side effects of radiotherapy ?

A

Red skin
Fatigue
Diarrhoea/ dysphagia

40
Q

What is function of the drug herceptin (trazuzumab)

A

To block the growth receptors on cancer cells

41
Q

What types of cancers respond best to radiotherapy?

A

Squamous cancers better treated with radiotherapy

42
Q

What is one of the least tolerable tissues to radiotherapy?

A

Ovaries; 10- grays can result in permanent damage

43
Q

What are some common mechanisms for DNA damage?

A

DNA strand breaks
UV or chemical crosslinking e.g xeroderma pigmentosa

Mismatched base

44
Q

What ket characteristic enables cancer cells to evolve?

A

Genomic instability.

45
Q

What is the significance of the MLH1 protein?

A

It is invovled in mismatch repair of DNA

46
Q

Where do pulmonary metastasis usually present in the lung fields?

A

Usually basal as that is where the vasculature is

47
Q

What hormone production is related with small cell ung cancer

A

ADH

48
Q

What hormone production is related with squamous cell carcinoma

A

PTHrP

49
Q

What are some common viruses that cause cancer

A

HPV, EBV, polyomavirus, HHV-8

50
Q

What is plummer vinson syndrome?

A

Associated with oesophageal squamous cancer

Presents with dysphagia, anaemia and oesophageal webs

Clasp JC (1 decks)

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