Clashes

Question 1

Why did monarchs want to keep the Church moderate?

Answer 1

Monarchs wanted to keep the church fairly moderate so they were able to maintain control - Protestant, but not so extreme that the structure of the Church was lost

Question 2

What is Arminianism?

How was this perceived?

Answer 2

Charles tried to introduce Arminianism (names after Jacobus Armenian), which would bring increased hierarchy and order to the Protestant church

• Involved system of bishops, a common prayer book, tradition, ceremonies, beautification of the church
• It was perceived as being CRYPTO-CATHOLIC- masking its true Catholicism
• Meant that people feared a schism in the church, as opinions were now split in a way that they never were under the Elizabethan settlement

Question 3

YORK HOUSE CONFERENCE

• When was it?
• Where was it?
• What happened?

Answer 3

YORK HOUSE CONFERENCE
London - Feb 1626
- Designed to make a decision about the church and heal religious differences between Arminians and puritans, but was mostly full of Arminians, so puritans weren’t given a chance
- Only revealed that the Arminians had the full support of Buckingham, and therefore of Charles

Question 4

To what positions were the following appointed to in 1628?
Richard Montague
William Laud

Answer 4

Richard Montague
BISHOP OF CHICESTER 1628
Montague was actively writing anti-Puritan parliament, by which parliament felt extremely threatened - not only for their own Persian lees sons, but also the nation as a whole

William Laud
BISHOP OF LONDON 1628

Their appointment revealed Charles dedication to the Arminianism, which was perceived as being very crypto-Catholic

Question 5

What were the resolutions on religion? And when?

Answer 5

RESOLUTIONS ON RELIGION 1629
MPs urged Charles to appoint more moderate people
- Charles ignored this, so they issued a protestation
This demonstrates the extent of religious discontent at court

Question 6

What happened at the Expedition to Cadiz?

What year?

Answer 6

EXPEDITION TO CADIZ 1625

• Buckingham led a naval expedition to Cadiz in an attempt to capture Spanish treasure
• However, his troops had no food, weapons or ammunition, so many died of starvation or disease.
• They got drunk on Spanish wine they had found
• Due to his obvious nepotism, he took bribes and appointed leaders from his faction - his choices were poor

Question 7

What was the expedition to La Rochelle?

What year?

Answer 7

EXPEDITION TO LA ROCHELLE - 1627

• Buckingham led an expedition to help the French Huguenots, though we’re meant to be be fighting for the government
• Again, they didn’t have the right equipment
• They tried to assault the French defences, but the ladders they used to climb the walls were too short, and they failed

Question 8

How were Cadiz and La Rochelle funded?

Answer 8

Using money that Charles had raised illegally

Question 9

Why did MPs attack Buckingham in August 1625?

Answer 9

For selling offices and titles - they demanded an official enquirer into his actions

Question 10

How did Charles remove Buckinghams potential opponents in Feb 1626?
Why were parliament angry?

Answer 10

He tried to remove these opponents by appointing them as sheriffs of their counties so they couldn’t stand as MPs.
Parliament were angry with him for interfering in elections

Question 11

Why did MPs Eliot and Digges attack Buckingham in 1626?
How did Charles respond?
What about the House of Lords?

Answer 11

• MPs Eliot and Digges launched an attack on Buckingham for mismanagement of navy and criminal abuse of power, so Charles imprisoned them
• Opposition also appeared from the House of Lords, so Charles dissolved parliament

Question 12

What title is Laud given in June 1626?

Answer 12

Bishop of Bath and Wells

Question 13

What happened in January 1627 (with regards to war) and why?

Answer 13

• In Jan 1637, England had declared war on France - because of Buckinghams poorly handled foreign policies, England was now at war with two of Europes greatest powers

Question 14

What did the Petition of Right state, and when was it passed?

Answer 14

PETITION OF RIGHT 1627
Passed by MPs to avoid their dissolution. Asked the King to agree to:
- Essentially outlined the constitutional laws by which the nation should be governed, highlighting the principles that…
taxation should not be raised without parliamentary consent
the monarch is not above the law
subjects must not be imprisoned without a legal charge
He agreed

Question 15

When and how does Buckingham die?

Answer 15

AUGUST 1628

A soldier stabs him to death

Question 16

What was the greatest FINANCIAL cause of friction in Charles’ early parliament 1625-1629?

Give 5

Answer 16

• 30 years war was expensive
• Also now at war with France which they couldn’t afford (due to Buckinghams incompetence)
• Charles used illegal methods of generating revenue without parliamentary consent
• These funds were then used to on Buckinghams failed expeditions - (Cadiz and La Rochelle)
• Buckinghams financial corruption eg selling titles

Question 17

What were the greatest RELIGIOUS causes of friction in Charles Early Parliament 1625-1629

Give 5

Answer 17

• Henrietta Maria and the marriage agreement - her flagrant Catholicism, fears of his conversion, relaxation of Recusancy fines
• Montague and Laud - their promotions and increasing power, leaflets etc
• Charles step towards Arminianism - crypto Catholic perception - fears of a schism in the church
• York house conference
• Resolutions on religion

Question 18

How did BUCKINGHAM contribute to friction in Charles early parliament 1625-1629?

Give 6

Answer 18

• Heavy involvement in other aspects (financial and religious)
• Organised York house conference
• Military incompetence (Cadiz and La Rochelle) - which used illegal funds
• Also led England to war with Spain and France
• His corruption eg selling titles
• Led many of Charles misguided actions, eg Royal interference in elections by promoting opposition to sheriffs, imprisonment of Eliot and Digges, Laud was from Buckinghams faction

Question 19

How did PARLIAMENT contribute to tensions in Charles early parliament 1625-1629

Give 4

Answer 19

• Attacks against Buckingham eg Aug 1625, 1626 and tried to impeach him
• Coke challenged divine right
• Petition of right
• Eliot pinned down the speaker at parliament, preventing him from leaving until certain issues were discussed
• Three resolutions

Question 20

Why did Charles dismiss parliament and with what intent?

Describe the dismissal

Answer 20

• Petition of Right is issued by parliament. To begin with, Charles avoided outright acceptance, but accepted fully 5 days later
• MPs issued a remonstrance against Charles’ illegal collection of tonnage and poundage
• One MP John Rolle refused to pay it, so Charles had his goods confiscated
• 2nd session of 3rd parliament began on 20th Jan 1626 and Charles asked MPs to confirm his right to collect tonnage and poundage
• The Three Resolutions - MPs pinned speaker down until a protestation had been passed
• Charles immediately dissolved parliament, refusing not to call another until they understood the error of their ways

Question 21

Why did Charles marriage to Henrietta Maria cause tension?

Answer 21

• She was often deemed flagrant and unapologetic in her Catholicism, meaning that the nation feared not only Caplin conversion, but also for an heir
• Relaxation of Recusancy fines - as part of marriage agreement, Recusants (those who refused to go to Church of England serviced) faced far less severe punishments, again causing parliament to question Henrietta Maria’s influence over Charles, and indeed the nation

Question 22

What were the Three Resolutions?

Answer 22

Declared that anyone attempting to reform the church along popish or arminian lines, or anyone who levied or paid tonnage and poundage without parliamentary consent would he declared a capital enemy
They pinned the speaker down and locked the door until the act had been passed
Charles immediently dismissed parliament