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PHA6124 LEC Manufacturing Pharmacy > Clarification > Flashcards

Clarification Flashcards

1
Q

describe processes that involve the removal or separation of a solid from a fluid / or a fluid from a fluid

A

clarification

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2
Q

term that encompasses both liquids and gases

A

fluid

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3
Q

achieved using either filtration or centrifugation techniques

A

clarification

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4
Q

What are the two main reasons for clarification?

A
  1. remove unwanted solid particles from either a liquid product or from air
  2. collect the solid as the product itself (e.g., after crystallization)
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5
Q

types of clarification

A
  1. filtration
  2. centrifugation
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6
Q

types of filtration

A
  1. solid/fluid filtration (solid/liquid or solid/gas filtration)
  2. fluid/fluid filtration
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7
Q

separation of an insoluble solid from a fluid by means of a porous medium that restrains the solid but allows fluid to pass

A

solid/fluid filtration

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8
Q

most common type of filtration during manufacture of pharmaceuticals

A

solid/fluid filtration

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9
Q

types of solid/fluid filtration

A

solid/liquid and solid/gas filtration

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10
Q

removal of immiscible oils or liquid by passing them through an appropriate filter

A

fluid/fluid filtration

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11
Q

mechanisms of filtration

A
  1. straining/sieving
  2. impingement
  3. attractive forces
  4. autofiltration
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12
Q

what mechanism of filtration:
If the pores in the filter medium through which the fluid is flowing are smaller than the material that is required to be removed, the material will be retained

A

Straining/Sieving

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13
Q

Use of ________ include the removal of bacteria and fibers from parenteral preparations

A

membrane filters

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14
Q

Filtration occurs on the surface of the filter in this case, and therefore the filter can be very thin. Filter media of this type is referred to _________

A

MEMBRANE FILTER

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15
Q

[true or false]
Potassium permanganate may be filtered with regular filter paper

A

false

Paper cannot be used for filtering because permanganate ion reacts with it to form additional manganese dioxide

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16
Q

what mechanism of filtration:
As flowing fluid approaches and passes an object, the fluid flow pattern is disturbed.

A

Impingement

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17
Q

In impingement, suspended solids, may, however, have sufficient momentum that they do not follow the fluid path but impinge on the filter fiber and are retained, owing to __________ between particles and the fiber

A

attractive forces

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18
Q

example of an object that disturbs flow pattern in impingement

A

filter fiber

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19
Q

what mechanism of filtration:
Electrostatic and other surface forces may exert sufficient force on the particles to attract and retain them on the filter medium

A

Attractive Forces

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20
Q

what mechanism of filtration:
Air can be freed from dust particles is an electrostatic precipitator by passing the air between highly charged surfaces, which attract the dust particles

A

Attractive Forces

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21
Q

what mechanism of filtration:
filtered material ( termed as filter cake) acts as its own filter medium.

A

Autofiltration

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22
Q

Mechanism is used by metafilter

A

Autofiltration

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23
Q

Autofiltration is the Mechanism is used by ________

A

metafilter

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24
Q

Factors affecting the rate of filtration

A
  • Area available for filtration
  • Pressure difference across the filter bed
  • Viscosity of the fluid passing through the filter
  • Thickness of the filter medium and any deposited cake
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25
Q

to increase filtration rate: (increase/decrease) area available for filtration must

A

increase

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26
Q

to increase filtration rate: (increase/decrease) pressure difference across
the filter cake

A

increase

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27
Q

to increase filtration rate: (increase/decrease) filtrate viscosity

A

decrease

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28
Q

to increase filtration rate: (increase/decrease) thickness of the filter cake

A

decrease

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29
Q

to increase filtration rate: (increase/decrease) permeability of the cake

A

increase

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30
Q

[true or false]
Ideally the equipment chosen should allow a slow filtration rate to minimize production costs, be cheap to buy and run, be easily cleaned and resistant to corrosion, and be capable of filtering large volumes of products before the filter needs stripping down for cleaning or replacing

A

false
fast filtration rate

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31
Q

Product-related factors that should be considered when selecting a filter for a particular process

A
  • Chemical nature of the products
  • Volume to be filtered and the filtration rate
    required
  • Operating pressure needed
  • Amount of material to be removed
  • Degree of filtration required
  • Product viscosity and filtration temperature
32
Q

Industrial Filtration Equipment

Filters for _______ products may be classified by the method used to drive the filtrate through the filter medium

A

liquid

33
Q

Industrial Filtration Equipment

Filters can be organized into what 3 classes

A

Gravity, vacuum and pressure filters

34
Q

Gravity filters that rely solely on gravity only generate (high/low) operating pressures

A

low

35
Q

use of Gravity filters on a large scale is _______

A

limited

36
Q

Simple and cheap, and are frequently used in laboratory, where volumes are small and a low filtration rate is relatively unimportant

A

Gravity Filters

37
Q

Vacuum Filters are also called

A

Rotary vacuum filters

38
Q

Continuous in operation

A

Vacuum Filters

39
Q

has a system for removing the cake so that it can be rum for long periods handling concentrated slurries

A

Vacuum Filters

40
Q

Automatic and continuous in operation, so that labor costs are very low

A

Advantages of Rotary Vacuum Filters

41
Q

Rotary Vacuum Filters have (small/large) capacity

A

large

42
Q

Variation of the speed of rotation enables the cake thickness to be controlled

A

Advantages of Rotary Vacuum Filters

43
Q

in Rotary Vacuum Filters, solids that form an impenetrable cake the thickness may be limited to _______; solids are coarse, forming a porous cake, the thickness may be _________

A

less than 5mm; 100 mm or more

44
Q

Complex piece of equipment with many moving parts and is very expensive . In addition to the filter itself, ancillary equipment such as vacuum pumps, slurry receivers and traps, slurry pumps and agitators are required

A

Disadvantages of the Rotary Vacuum Filters

45
Q

Complex piece of equipment with many moving parts and is very expensive . In addition to the filter itself, ancillary equipment such as vacuum pumps, slurry receivers and traps, slurry pumps and agitators are required

A

Disadvantages of the Rotary Vacuum Filters

46
Q

pressure difference is limited to 1 bar and hot filtrates may boil

A

Disadvantages of the Rotary Vacuum Filters

46
Q

Cake tends to crack because of the air drawn through by the vacuum system, so that washing and drying are not efficient

A

Disadvantages of the Rotary Vacuum Filters

47
Q

only for straightforward slurries, being less satisfactory if the solids form an impermeable cake or will not separate cleanly from the cloth

A

Disadvantages of the Rotary Vacuum Filters

48
Q

Rotary Filters are most suitable for continuous operation on a large quantities of slurry, especially of the slurry contains considerable amounts of solids, that is, in the range of _______%

A

15-30%

49
Q

Rotary Filters are most suitable for continuous operation on a (small/large) quantities of slurry

A

large

50
Q

used in Collection of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and starch

A

Rotary Filters

51
Q

used in the separation of the mycelia from the fermentation liquor in the manufacture of antibiotics

A

Rotary Filters

52
Q

Metafilters, cartridge filters, cross-flow microfiltration are under what filter class

A

Pressure Filters

53
Q

Feed the products to the filter at a pressure greater than that which would arise from gravity alone

A

Pressure Filters

54
Q

Most common type of filter used on the processing of pharmaceutical products

A

Pressure Filters

55
Q

Consists of a grooved drainage rod on which is packed a series of metal rings. These rings, usually of stainless steel, are about 15 mm inside diameter, 22 mm outside diameter and 0.8 mm in thickness, with a number of semicircular projections on one surface

A

Metafilters

56
Q

Strainer for coarse particles, but for finer particles abed of a suitable material is first build up over the rings. The pack of rings, serves essentially as a base on which the true filter medium is supported

A

Metafilters

57
Q

Possesses considerable strength and high pressures can be used with no danger of bursting

A

Advantages of the Metafilters

58
Q

As there is no filter medium as such, the running costs are low and it is very economical

A

Advantages of the Metafilters

59
Q

Can be made from materials (such as stainless steel) that can provide excellent resistance to corrosion and avoid contamination of the product

A

Advantages of the Metafilters

60
Q

By selecting of a suitable grade of material to form the filter bed it is possible to remove very fine particles; in fact, it is possible to sterilize a liquid using this filter

A

Advantages of the Metafilters

61
Q

Used almost exclusively for clarifying liquids where contaminant level is low

A

Metafilters

62
Q

permits the use of high pressures (up to 15 bar), making the method suitable for viscous liquid

A

Metafilters

63
Q

Clarifying syrups, injection solutions, insulin liquors

A

Metafilters

64
Q

Commonly used in the preparation of pharmaceutical products, as they possess a very large filtration area in a small unit and are easy and relatively cheap to operate

A

Cartridge Filters

65
Q

Consist of cylindrical cartridge containing highly pleated material (PTFE or nylon) or string wound material (wound like a ball of string)

A

Cartridge Filters

66
Q

fits in a metal supporting cylinder and the product is pumped under pressure into one end of the cylinder surrounding the filter cartridge. The filtrate is forced through the filter cartridge from the periphery to the inner hollow core, from where it exits through the other end of the support cylinder

A

Cartridge Filters

67
Q

Disposable and good for applications where there is low contamination levels

A

Cartridge Filters

68
Q

Membrane is consist of polysulphone, acrylonitrile or polyamide, is laid down within fiber which forms a rigid porous outer support

A

Cross-Flow Microfiltration

69
Q

Lumen of each fiber is small, typically 1-2 micrometer – but a large number of them can be contained in a surrounding shell to form a cartridge which have an effective filtration area of over 2 m2

A

Cross-Flow Microfiltration

70
Q

Used for fractionation of biological products by first using a filter of pore size sufficient to let all the wanted molecules through, and then passing the permeate through a filter which will retain the required molecules while passing smaller unwanted molecules

A

Cross-Flow Microfiltration

71
Q

Blood plasma can be processed to remove alcohol and water and prepare concentrated purified water.

A

Cross-Flow Microfiltration

72
Q

The process has been suggested for the recovery of antibiotics from fermentation media

A

Cross-Flow Microfiltration

73
Q

Centrifugal force can be used either to provide the driving force for the filtration process or to replace the gravitational force in sedimentation processes

A

Centrifugation

74
Q

are often used in the laboratory to separate solid material from liquid, the solid typically forming a plug at the bottom of the test tube at the end of the process

A

Centrifuges

75
Q

Perforated basket centrifuges and tubular bowl centrifuges

A

Centrifugation

PHA6124 LEC Manufacturing Pharmacy (4 decks)

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