Cladistics

Question 1

A group of organisms that are monophyletic that is composed of a single ancestor and all its lineal descendants on a phylogenetic tree

Answer 1

Clade

Question 2

It is an evolutionary splitting of a parent species into two distinct species, forming a clade

Answer 2

Cladogenesis

Question 3

A taxon is one that includes a group of organisms that descended from a single ancestor

Answer 3

Monophyletic

Question 4

A taxon that is composed of unrelated organisms that descended from more than one ancestor

Answer 4

Polyphyletic

Question 5

A taxon that is one that includes most recent common ancestor, but not all of its descendants

Answer 5

Paraphyletic

Question 6

“close form” or ancestral state is a character state that a taxon has retained from its ancestors

Answer 6

Plesiomorphy

Question 7

From the word “together” it is when two or more taxa that are not nested within each other share a plesiomorphy

Answer 7

Symplesiomorphy

Question 8

A novel character state that has evolved from its ancestral form

Answer 8

Apomorphy

Question 9

It is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have evolved in their most recent common ancestor

Answer 9

Synapomorphy

Question 10

A character shared between species that was also present in their common ancestor

Answer 10

Homology

Question 11

A convergent character shared between species but not present in their common ancestor

Answer 11

Homoplasy

Question 12

Ancient Greek word for branch

Answer 12

Klados

Question 13

Who is the father of cladistics

Answer 13

Willi Hennig

Question 14

It is the classification of organisms based on their phylogenetic relationship and the recency or antiquity of a common ancestor, rather than on their observable similarities

Answer 14

Cladistics

Question 15

It upholds the monophyletic origin of different groups from a common ancestor through cladogenesis

Answer 15

Cladistic taxonomy

Question 16

It is to determine which character states are primitive and which are derived based on a common ancestry

Answer 16

Cladistic analysis

Question 17

It is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms

Answer 17

Cladogram

Question 18

Who introduced the term “clade” in 1958

Answer 18

Julian Huxley

Question 19

It is a common initial ancestor and is marked as the starting point for the diagram

Answer 19

Root

Question 20

It is a region that marks the point of divergence in cladograms and represents the hypothetical ancestor that further divides to bifurcate into two or more daughter taxa

Answer 20

Nodes

Question 21

It is a specific part of the cladogram that includes the recent ancestor and its descendants. It can be indicated by marking out a particular node and all its associated branches.

Answer 21

Clades

Question 22

Indicates the bifurcation of the root into nodes. Links between the organisms can be deduced via tracing out this part of the cladogram

Answer 22

Branches

Question 23

In the evolution of a taxon, the sequence of kinds that can be seen at different periods of time with its sequence of kinds is called what?

Answer 23

Lineage

Question 24

If we start from the recent taxon and trace it back through its lineage we can see its history and this is known as what?

Answer 24

Phylogeny

Question 25

Who stated that “A cladistic classification consists of a nested hierarchy of increasingly more inclusive holophyletic taxa; this hierarchy corresponds to a hierarchy of increasingly more inclusive synapomorphies.”

Answer 25

Mayr and Ashlock (1991)

Question 26

When can a character be considered as apomorphic?

Answer 26

when it is found only in a particular taxon.

Question 27

What do you call shared characteristics that originated in a common ancestor?

Answer 27

Homologies

Question 28

What do you call traits shared due to convergent evolution, not common ancestry?

Answer 28

Analogous

Question 29

What is the main focus of cladistics

Answer 29

Evolution

Question 30

In cladistics, what is a node on a cladogram representing?

Answer 30

Common ancestor

Question 31

It seeks to create trees which require the fewest number of character changes from the ancestral state. These trees are viewed as more simple and more likely to accurately reflect patterns of descent from a common ancestor

Answer 31

The principle of parsimony

Question 32

Cladistic method on birds

Answer 32

Peter Chalmers Mitchell

Question 33

Cladistic method on insects

Answer 33

Robert John Tillyard