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Plant Systematics > Clades etc. > Flashcards

Clades etc. Flashcards

1
Q

Systematics

A

description, identification, nomenclature, and classification plus phyologeny or bringing it all together

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2
Q

phylogeny

A

primary goal of styematics

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3
Q

genetic drift

A

genetic modification is random

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4
Q

natural selection

A

genetic change is directed and nonrandom1

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5
Q

taxonomy (DINC)

A

4 components Description, indentification, nomenclature, and clissification

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6
Q

two ways of ariving at a clasification

A

phenetic and phylogenetic

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7
Q

phenetic

A

based on overall simliaratie

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8
Q

apomorphy

A

a derived condition

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9
Q

synapomorphy

A

a dervied condition that unites two or more lineages

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10
Q

autoapomorphy

A

occurs only within a single lineage

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11
Q

phylogram

A

cladogram that has an absolute time scale

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12
Q

plant

A

cellulose in cell wall 2. cholorophyll b 3. thylakoids stacked in grana 4. true starch storage compound

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13
Q

systematics

A

study of biodiveristy

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14
Q

3 parts of systematics from notes

A
  1. species delimitation 2. relationships 3. nomenclature
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15
Q

walter Judd quote

A

“systematics is the science behind the discovery, description and interpretation of biological diversity as well as the synsthesis of information on diversity in the form of phylogenic (evolutionary relationships) and predictive classification systems”

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16
Q

G.G. Simpson quote -

A

Systematics is the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organsims and of the (evolutionary, geneological) relationships among them.

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17
Q

metapopulation

A

largest scale group with geneflow, separatel evolving, segment of a lineage,

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18
Q

Aristolilean classification

A

naturally exclusive and nested

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19
Q

Ernst Mayer

A

Biological species concept

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20
Q

2 most famous concepts

A

biological species concept, phylogentic species concept

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21
Q

endosymbiosis

A

one being engulf the other in a symbiotic relationship

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22
Q

homology

A

similarity resulting from common ancestry

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23
Q

homoplasy

A

resulting from convergent evolution

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24
Q

OTU

A

operational taxonomic unit

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25
Q

plesiomorphic

A

ancestral , primitive

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26
Q

paraphyletic

A

not all the descendents

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27
Q

reticulation

A

hybridization

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28
Q

ontogeny

A

developmental sequence under the control of a number of genes

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29
Q

stipules

A

outgrowth on either side of the base of the leaf stem

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30
Q

vicariance

A

geographical seperation of species

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31
Q

heterochrony

A

developmental change in the timing of events

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32
Q

allopatric driver

A

isolatio drom vicariance

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33
Q

sympatric

A

evolution without vicariance

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34
Q

cladograms, chronograms and phylograms

A

topology and clade groups, with time, with amount of proportional evolution

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35
Q

fully resovled tree

A

binary only

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36
Q

flower

A

reporductive organ of angiosperms

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37
Q

sexual parts of a flower

A

androecium, and gynoecium

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38
Q

androecium

A

collection of male reproductive structure

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39
Q

stamen

A

individual male reproductive structure

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40
Q

stamen’s may possess

A

filament, anther

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41
Q

filament

A

stalk on which the anther is found, not presnet in a “laminar stamen” case

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42
Q

anther

A

stack-like structure where pollen is produced

43
Q

Gynoecium

A

female parts

44
Q

gynoecium includes

A

pistil (ovary style and stigma),

45
Q

pistil

A

individual unit of the gynoecium, consiting of and ovary, style and stigma

46
Q

Ovary

A

unit of the pistil where the ovules/ seeds are formed

47
Q

Style

A

slender stalk between ovary and stigma

48
Q

stigma

A

part of gynoecium receptive to pollen, typically the apex of a style

49
Q

Sepals/ Calyx

A

outer sterile (often green) structures of flower

50
Q

Petals/ Corolla

A

inner sterile (often colorful

51
Q

Connate

A

parts fused together

52
Q

Adnate

A

different parts are fused together

53
Q

Perianth

A

sterile parts of the flower, sepals + petals

54
Q

Apocarpous

A

more than one pistil per flower

55
Q

Syncarpous

A

having one pistil per flower

56
Q

Carpels

A

unit of symmetry of a syncarpous pistil - having three carpels - 3 - carpellate

57
Q

Ovules

A

integumented megasporangium when fertilized then called a seed

58
Q

Placentation

A

attachment of ovules / seeds to the inner walls of the ovary (Axile, Marginal or Parietal

59
Q

Axile placentation

A

ovary divided into chambers and seeds attached to center column

60
Q

Marginal

A

ovary with no division and only one main row of seeds

61
Q

Parietal placentation

A

ovary with no division but several rows of seeds attached to the w

62
Q

Parietal placentation

A

ovary with no division but several rows of seeds attached to the wall

63
Q

Receptacle

A

the end of the pedicel where most of the flower parts are attached

64
Q

Hypanthium

A

floral cup, a fusion of sepals, petals and stmens into a tube

65
Q

hypogynous

A

flower parts (sepals, stamens and petals) are attahced at base of ovary

66
Q

Epigynou

A

flower parts sttahced above or on top of the ovary

67
Q

perigynous

A

flower parts fused into a tube

68
Q

Staminate

A

male only

69
Q

pistillate

A

female only

70
Q

Dioecious

A

sexes on seperate individuals

71
Q

monoecious

A

sexes seperate in regards to flower but not in regard to OTU

72
Q

radial / actinomorphic symmetry

A

can be cut in several ways and symmetery is even

73
Q

bilateral/ Zygomorphic

A

parts of unequal size

74
Q

inflorescences

A

group or cluster of flowers (Peduncle, Pedicel Bracts indeterminate, Determinate)

75
Q

Peduncle

A

stalk of an inflorescence

76
Q

Pedicel

A

stalk of individual flower

77
Q

Bracts

A

small, leaf like structures found below flowers in inflorescences

78
Q

indeterminate

A

an inflorescence that keeps growing from apex

79
Q

spike

A

fowers attached directly to the inflorescence axis

80
Q

Raceme

A

flowers attached by single stalks to the inflorescence

81
Q

panicel

A

a compound infloresecne

82
Q

Fruit

A

ripe mature ovary and any attached parts

83
Q

dehiscent

A

breaks open to reveal seeds

84
Q

Capsule

A

dehiscent fruit from a syncarpous ovary, usually with several lines of opening

85
Q

follicle

A

a dehiscent fruit opening on one side

86
Q

legume

A

dehiscent fruit froma 1-carpellate ovary opening on both sides

87
Q

indehiscent

A

doens’t break

88
Q

quantitative measurement

A

continuous measurements and meristic measurment

89
Q

habits

A

herbaceous, shrub, tree, succulent, vine and liana

90
Q

herbaceous

A

lacks woody tissue

91
Q

liana

A

woody vine

92
Q

Rhizome

A

stem type - horizontal, underground and generally cylindrical

93
Q

tuber

A

solid underground, mod. for strage

94
Q

stolon

A

stem above ground and horizontal

95
Q

bulb

A

thickened, vertical stem with felshy storage leaves (onion) -leaves thickest

96
Q

corm

A

solid, erect, underground stem thickest

97
Q

bud types

A

axillary and terminal bud

98
Q

lenticel

A

marks or breaks in the break where gas exchange occurs or raised pores

99
Q

basal, alternate, opposite, whorled

A

arrangement types (phyllotaxy_

100
Q

attachment of leaf

A

sessile or petiolate

101
Q

venation

A

pinate (central vien), palmate, and parallel

102
Q

lancelolate vs oblong vs ovate

A

sword or spear-shaped, long rectangular, sides parallel,vs egg shaped

103
Q

elliptic

A

widest near middle

104
Q

prickle

A

non-woody or only slightly woody sharp outgrowth of surface

Plant Systematics (2 decks)

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