clackamas community college

Question 1

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 1

Disease of old age, characterized by severe memory loss, confusion, depression, and disordered thinking

Question 2

Amnesia

Answer 2

loss of memory or information before or after an event

Question 3

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 3

inability to store new long-term memories after event

Question 4

Chunking

Answer 4

process of grouping digits or letters into meaningful sequences

Question 5

Confabulations

Answer 5

attempts made by amnesic patients to fill in the gaps in their memory, mostly with distorted, misenterpreted information.

Question 6

Consolidation

Answer 6

converting a short-term memory into a long-term (hippocampus and MTL) memory

Question 7

Cued recall

Answer 7

method of testing memory by asking someone to remember a certain item after being given a hint

Question 8

Declarative memory

Answer 8

recall of factual information

Question 9

Dissociation

Answer 9

disconnect from ones thoughts, feelings, memories, identity

Question 10

Episodic memory

Answer 10

memory for specific events in a person’s life (autobiographical)

Question 11

Executive functioning

Answer 11

one aspect of working memory that governs shifts of attention of cognitive process and behavior for attaining and outcome or goal.

Question 12

Explicit/direct memory

Answer 12

long term memory that a person can state, generally recognizing that it is the correct answer (episodic and semantic)

Question 13

False memory

Answer 13

report that someone believes to be a memory but that does not actually correspond to real events

Question 14

Hindsight bias

Answer 14

tendency to mold our recollection of the past to fit how events occur (knew it all along)

Question 15

Hippocampus

Answer 15

forebrain structure in the interior of the temporal lobe that is important for storing long term, short term, and spatial memory. (seahorse)

Question 16

Implicit/indirect memory

Answer 16

memory that influences behavior without requiring conscious recognition that one is using a memory.

Question 17

Information-processing model

Answer 17

view that information is processed, coded, and stored in various ways in human memory as it is in a computer

Question 18

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 18

condition caused by a prolonged deficiency of vitamin B1, which results in both retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia

Question 19

Long-term memory

Answer 19

relatively permanent store of information

Question 20

Mnemonic device

Answer 20

any memory aid, learning technique that is based on encoding each item in a special way (acronyms)

Question 21

Priming

Answer 21

temporarily increased probability of using a word as a result of recently reading or hearing it

Question 22

Procedural memory

Answer 22

retention of learned skills (riding a bike, tying shoes, driving)

Question 23

Repression

Answer 23

Freudian theory postulates that motivated forgetting is done by moving an unacceptable memory, motivation, or emotion from the conscious mind to the unconscious mind

Question 24

Retrieval cues

Answer 24

information associated with remembered material, which can be useful for helping to recall that material

Question 25

Retroactive interference

Answer 25

unlearning of skills or forgetting due to the the learning of new tasks

Question 26

Semantic memory

Answer 26

memory of general principles, basic facts.

Question 27

Short-term memory

Answer 27

temporary storage of a limited amount of information

Question 28

Source amnesia

Answer 28

forgetting where or how you learned something

Question 29

Working memory

Answer 29

system for working with current information

Question 30

Algorithm

Answer 30

mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem

Question 31

Availability heuristic

Answer 31

shortcut the brain takes to evaluate a topic, concept, method, or decision.

Question 32

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 32

condition characterized by inarticulate speech and by difficulties with both using and understanding grammatical devices; ie. prepositions, conjunctions, word endings, complex sentence structures, etc.

Question 33

Change blindness

Answer 33

tendency to fail to detect changes in any part of a scene to which we are not focusing our attention

Question 34

Choice-Delay task

Answer 34

opportunity to choose between a small immediate reward and a larger delayed reward

Question 35

Confirmation bias

Answer 35

tendency to accept one hypothesis and then look for evidence to support it instead of considering other possibilities

Question 36

Critical thinking

Answer 36

the careful evaluation of evidence for and against any conclusion

Question 37

Far transfer

Answer 37

benefit from practicing something less similar

Question 38

Fixation

Answer 38

period when eyes are steady; (b) in Freud’s theory, a persisting preoccupation with an immature psychosexual interest as a result of frustration at that stage of psychosexual development

Question 39

Framing effect

Answer 39

tendency to answer a question differently when it is framed (phrased) differently

Question 40

Heuristics

Answer 40

strategies for simplifying a problem or for guiding an investigation

Question 41

Hypermnesia

Answer 41

the gain of memory over time

Question 42

Morpheme

Answer 42

linguistic unit of meaning

Question 43

Near transfer

Answer 43

benefit to a new skill based on practice of a similar skill

Question 44

Phoneme

Answer 44

linguistic unit of sound

Question 45

Preattentive process

Answer 45

procedure for extracting information automatically/simultaneously across a large area of visual field (subconsciously)

Question 46

Priming

Answer 46

temporarily increased probability of using a word as a result of recently reading or hearing it

Question 47

Productivity

Answer 47

ability to express new ideas

Question 48

Prototype

Answer 48

familiar or typical example of a category

Question 49

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 49

assuming that if an item is similar to others of a certain category, it probably belongs to that category itself

Question 50

Saccade

Answer 50

quick jump in the focus of the eyes from one point to another

Question 51

Stroop effect

Answer 51

tendency to read a word, especially if it is a color name, in spite of instructions to disregard the word and state the color of the ink in which it is printed

Question 52

Sunk cost effect

Answer 52

willingness to do something ( we would not otherwise do) because of money or effort already spent

Question 53

Transformational grammar

Answer 53

system for converting a deep structure of a language into a surface structure

Question 54

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 54

difficulty recalling the names of objects and impaired comprehension of language

Question 55

Williams syndrome

Answer 55

genetic condition characterized by mental retardation in most regards but skillful use of language

Question 56

Word-superiority effect

Answer 56

tendency to identify a letter with greater ease when it is part of a whole word than when presented by itself

Question 57

Activation-synthesis theory of dreams

Answer 57

theory that parts of the brain are spontaneously activated during REM sleep and that a dream is the brains attempt to synthesize these sensations into a coherent pattern

Question 58

Binocular rivalry

Answer 58

alteration between seeing the pattern in the left retina and the pattern in the right retina

Question 59

Brain death

Answer 59

condition in which the brain shows no activity and no response to any stimulus

Question 60

Circadian rhythm

Answer 60

rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting approximately 1 day

Question 61

Coma

Answer 61

brain trauma- shows a steady but low level of activity and no response to any stimulus

Question 62

Deja` vu experience

Answer 62

sense that an event is uncannily familiar

Question 63

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Answer 63

device that measures and amplifies slight electrical changes on the scalp that reflect brain activity

Question 64

Hypnosis

Answer 64

condition of increased suggestibility that occurs in the context of a special hypnotist-subject relationship

Question 65

Insomnia

Answer 65

failure to get enough sleep at night to feel well rested the next day

Question 66

Latent content

Answer 66

according to Freud, hidden content that is represented symbolically in a dream experience

Question 67

Lucid dream

Answer 67

a dream in which the person is aware that it is a dream; part of the brain is awake and another part asleep

Question 68

Manifest content

Answer 68

according to Freud, content that appears on the surface of a dream

Question 69

Minimally conscious state

Answer 69

condition in which someone has brief periods of purposeful actions and speech comprehension

Question 70

Narcolepsy

Answer 70

condition of suddenly falling asleep, or at least feeling very sleepy, during the day

Question 71

Night terror

Answer 71

When a person awakens screaming/sweating/racing heart/flailing arms/pounding walls

Question 72

Restless Leg Syndrome

Answer 72

Periodic limb movement disorder- condition that occurs during sleep causing unpleasant sensations in legs and many repetitive leg movements strong enough to interrupt sleep

Question 73

Polysomnograph

Answer 73

device that measures sleep stages using a combination of EEG and eye-movement records

Question 74

Posthypnotic suggestion

Answer 74

statement made to the hypnotized that they will do/experience something after hypnosis

Question 75

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Answer 75

stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, and deep relaxation of the postural muscles; also known as paradoxical sleep

Question 76

Sleep apnea

Answer 76

condition causing a person to have trouble breathing while asleep

Question 77

Sleep spindles

Answer 77

waves of brain activity at about 12 to 14 per second

Question 78

Spatial neglect

Answer 78

ignoring the left side of the body, the left side of the world, and the left side of objects

Question 79

Vegetative state

Answer 79

condition in which someone responds to some stimuli (at least with changes in heart rate, breathing) but shows no purposeful actions