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Psychology: A natural science final > clackamas community college > Flashcards

clackamas community college Flashcards

learn chapters 7, 8, 9

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1
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Disease of old age, characterized by severe memory loss, confusion, depression, and disordered thinking

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2
Q

Amnesia

A

loss of memory or information before or after an event

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3
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

inability to store new long-term memories after event

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4
Q

Chunking

A

process of grouping digits or letters into meaningful sequences

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5
Q

Confabulations

A

attempts made by amnesic patients to fill in the gaps in their memory, mostly with distorted, misenterpreted information.

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6
Q

Consolidation

A

converting a short-term memory into a long-term (hippocampus and MTL) memory

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7
Q

Cued recall

A

method of testing memory by asking someone to remember a certain item after being given a hint

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8
Q

Declarative memory

A

recall of factual information

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9
Q

Dissociation

A

disconnect from ones thoughts, feelings, memories, identity

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10
Q

Episodic memory

A

memory for specific events in a person’s life (autobiographical)

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11
Q

Executive functioning

A

one aspect of working memory that governs shifts of attention of cognitive process and behavior for attaining and outcome or goal.

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12
Q

Explicit/direct memory

A

long term memory that a person can state, generally recognizing that it is the correct answer (episodic and semantic)

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13
Q

False memory

A

report that someone believes to be a memory but that does not actually correspond to real events

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14
Q

Hindsight bias

A

tendency to mold our recollection of the past to fit how events occur (knew it all along)

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15
Q

Hippocampus

A

forebrain structure in the interior of the temporal lobe that is important for storing long term, short term, and spatial memory. (seahorse)

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16
Q

Implicit/indirect memory

A

memory that influences behavior without requiring conscious recognition that one is using a memory.

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17
Q

Information-processing model

A

view that information is processed, coded, and stored in various ways in human memory as it is in a computer

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18
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

condition caused by a prolonged deficiency of vitamin B1, which results in both retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia

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19
Q

Long-term memory

A

relatively permanent store of information

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20
Q

Mnemonic device

A

any memory aid, learning technique that is based on encoding each item in a special way (acronyms)

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21
Q

Priming

A

temporarily increased probability of using a word as a result of recently reading or hearing it

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22
Q

Procedural memory

A

retention of learned skills (riding a bike, tying shoes, driving)

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23
Q

Repression

A

Freudian theory postulates that motivated forgetting is done by moving an unacceptable memory, motivation, or emotion from the conscious mind to the unconscious mind

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24
Q

Retrieval cues

A

information associated with remembered material, which can be useful for helping to recall that material

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25
Q

Retroactive interference

A

unlearning of skills or forgetting due to the the learning of new tasks

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26
Q

Semantic memory

A

memory of general principles, basic facts.

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27
Q

Short-term memory

A

temporary storage of a limited amount of information

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28
Q

Source amnesia

A

forgetting where or how you learned something

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29
Q

Working memory

A

system for working with current information

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30
Q

Algorithm

A

mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem

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31
Q

Availability heuristic

A

shortcut the brain takes to evaluate a topic, concept, method, or decision.

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32
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

condition characterized by inarticulate speech and by difficulties with both using and understanding grammatical devices; ie. prepositions, conjunctions, word endings, complex sentence structures, etc.

33
Q

Change blindness

A

tendency to fail to detect changes in any part of a scene to which we are not focusing our attention

34
Q

Choice-Delay task

A

opportunity to choose between a small immediate reward and a larger delayed reward

35
Q

Confirmation bias

A

tendency to accept one hypothesis and then look for evidence to support it instead of considering other possibilities

36
Q

Critical thinking

A

the careful evaluation of evidence for and against any conclusion

37
Q

Far transfer

A

benefit from practicing something less similar

38
Q

Fixation

A

period when eyes are steady; (b) in Freud’s theory, a persisting preoccupation with an immature psychosexual interest as a result of frustration at that stage of psychosexual development

39
Q

Framing effect

A

tendency to answer a question differently when it is framed (phrased) differently

40
Q

Heuristics

A

strategies for simplifying a problem or for guiding an investigation

41
Q

Hypermnesia

A

the gain of memory over time

42
Q

Morpheme

A

linguistic unit of meaning

43
Q

Near transfer

A

benefit to a new skill based on practice of a similar skill

44
Q

Phoneme

A

linguistic unit of sound

45
Q

Preattentive process

A

procedure for extracting information automatically/simultaneously across a large area of visual field (subconsciously)

46
Q

Priming

A

temporarily increased probability of using a word as a result of recently reading or hearing it

47
Q

Productivity

A

ability to express new ideas

48
Q

Prototype

A

familiar or typical example of a category

49
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

assuming that if an item is similar to others of a certain category, it probably belongs to that category itself

50
Q

Saccade

A

quick jump in the focus of the eyes from one point to another

51
Q

Stroop effect

A

tendency to read a word, especially if it is a color name, in spite of instructions to disregard the word and state the color of the ink in which it is printed

52
Q

Sunk cost effect

A

willingness to do something ( we would not otherwise do) because of money or effort already spent

53
Q

Transformational grammar

A

system for converting a deep structure of a language into a surface structure

54
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

difficulty recalling the names of objects and impaired comprehension of language

55
Q

Williams syndrome

A

genetic condition characterized by mental retardation in most regards but skillful use of language

56
Q

Word-superiority effect

A

tendency to identify a letter with greater ease when it is part of a whole word than when presented by itself

57
Q

Activation-synthesis theory of dreams

A

theory that parts of the brain are spontaneously activated during REM sleep and that a dream is the brains attempt to synthesize these sensations into a coherent pattern

58
Q

Binocular rivalry

A

alteration between seeing the pattern in the left retina and the pattern in the right retina

59
Q

Brain death

A

condition in which the brain shows no activity and no response to any stimulus

60
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting approximately 1 day

61
Q

Coma

A

brain trauma- shows a steady but low level of activity and no response to any stimulus

62
Q

Deja` vu experience

A

sense that an event is uncannily familiar

63
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

device that measures and amplifies slight electrical changes on the scalp that reflect brain
activity

64
Q

Hypnosis

A

condition of increased suggestibility that occurs in the context of a special hypnotist-subject relationship

65
Q

Insomnia

A

failure to get enough sleep at night to feel well rested the next day

66
Q

Latent content

A

according to Freud, hidden content that is represented symbolically in a dream experience

67
Q

Lucid dream

A

a dream in which the person is aware that it is a dream; part of the brain is awake and
another part asleep

68
Q

Manifest content

A

according to Freud, content that appears on the surface of a dream

69
Q

Minimally conscious state

A

condition in which someone has brief periods of purposeful actions and speech
comprehension

70
Q

Narcolepsy

A

condition of suddenly falling asleep, or at least feeling very sleepy, during the day

71
Q

Night terror

A

When a person awakens screaming/sweating/racing heart/flailing arms/pounding walls

72
Q

Restless Leg Syndrome

A

Periodic limb movement disorder- condition that occurs during sleep causing unpleasant sensations in legs and many repetitive leg movements strong enough to interrupt sleep

73
Q

Polysomnograph

A

device that measures sleep stages using a combination of EEG and eye-movement records

74
Q

Posthypnotic suggestion

A

statement made to the hypnotized that they will do/experience something after hypnosis

75
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, and deep relaxation of the postural muscles; also known as paradoxical sleep

76
Q

Sleep apnea

A

condition causing a person to have trouble breathing while asleep

77
Q

Sleep spindles

A

waves of brain activity at about 12 to 14 per second

78
Q

Spatial neglect

A

ignoring the left side of the body, the left side of the world, and the left side of objects

79
Q

Vegetative state

A

condition in which someone responds to some stimuli (at least with changes in heart rate, breathing) but shows no purposeful actions

Psychology: A natural science final (1 decks)

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