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A Level English Language AQA > CLA > Flashcards

CLA Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do humans/adults in general use language to communicate?

A
  • to get what we want. eg attention, food
  • to persuade other people
  • to entertain others eg make them laugh
  • to form relationships
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2
Q

What helps to accelerate a child’s language development?

A
  • support/encouragement from caregivers
  • a good language model from caregivers
  • regular interaction/stimulation + exposure to language
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3
Q

What barriers do children face when learning language?

A
  • forming tenses + plurals
  • syntax
  • phonology- some words difficult to pronounce
  • homonyms
  • irregular verbs
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4
Q

What happened in the case study of Genie?

A
  • neglected, kept in social isolation until 13
  • found in 1970, LA
  • initially learnt many words, but never mastered grammar
  • left hemisphere of brain lost ability to use lang in adult way due to lack of contact/stimulation
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5
Q

Issues/questions raised about children’s lang development from Genie’s case?

A
  • Critical age hypothesis – idea that we need exposure to language by about early puberty for our brains to be ‘activated’ – without it (as with Genie), and chance for language is lost
  • Nature v nurture issue– how important actually is the initial interactions we have when learning language.
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6
Q

Nature vs Nurture?

A
  • Nature- Inbuilt. Language is a human instinct that emerges regardless of the environment – humans are just built for language
  • Nurture- language is learnt skill, picked up from environment and by interactions with others
  • Genie case seems to support nurture stance. Environment is key factor.
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7
Q

Which do you think is the most significant factor in language development, and why?

A
  • constant stimulation and exposure to language until past point of critical age period. As seen w/ Genie.
  • W/o subconscious example of language to follow and engagement, left hemisphere fails.
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8
Q

What a child usually do by this stage: 0-2 years.

A
  • ask for something using 1 word- holophrastic - 12-18 months
  • understand concrete noun eg table
  • form 2 word utterance- 2 word stage - 18-24 months
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9
Q

What a child can usually do by this stage: 2-6 years.

A
  • form a full sentence in speech eg “I have got a book” & form a question eg “why did you do that?”
  • understand an abstract noun eg happiness, friendship
  • express something in the negative eg “I don’t want to”
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10
Q

What a child can usually do by this stage: 6-11 years.

A
  • understand another person’s feelings
  • analyse a situation
  • understand times when it’s appropriate to be quiet
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11
Q

What are Halliday’s 7 functions?

A

RIRIHIP: Regulatory, interactional, representational, imaginative, heuristic, instrumental, personal

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12
Q

Instrumental function?

A
  • language used to fulfil speaker’s need

- directly concerned w obtaining food, drink, comfort etc. eg “I want”

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13
Q

Personal function?

A
  • language used to express personal preferences/the speaker’s identity
  • referred to sometimes as “here I am!” function
  • conveys attitudes, expresses feelings
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14
Q

Heuristic function?

A
  • language used to learn and explore environment

- may be questions or the kind of running commentary that accompanies child’s play

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15
Q

Imaginative function?

A
  • language used to explore imagination
  • may also accompany play as kids create imaginary worlds. May arise from story telling
  • also jokes, songs etc
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16
Q

Representational function?

A
  • language used to communicate information

- relaying/requesting info eg “I got a new doll”

17
Q

Interactional function?

A
  • language used to develop social relationships and ease interaction
  • phatic dimension of talk. eg “hello”
18
Q

Regulatory function?

A
  • language used to influence behaviour of others

- persuading/commanding/requesting other people to do as you want. eg “daddy push” (child on swing)

19
Q

Pre-verbal stages of speech acquisition? : Birth- 4 weeks.

A

Vegetative.

  • vocal practice through crying at times of hunger/pain
  • at first crying is reflex action and involuntary.
  • over several months babies learn their noises entail response
20
Q

Pre verbal stages of speech acquisition? : 4-7 weeks.

A

Cooing.

  • articulation of mainly vowel sounds.
  • often monosyllabic
  • usually monotone. lacks adult intonation.
  • coo or goo.
21
Q

Pre verbal stages of speech acquisition? 6-12 months.

A

Babbling.

  • greater range of sounds. more consonants now.
  • typically consonant/vowel reduplication eg “bababa”
  • hearing babies start to specialise in sounds of the lang around them.
22
Q

Pre verbal stages of speech acquisition? 9-12 months.

A

Proto-word.

  • babbling starts resembling adult lang. ie word-like vocalisations leading to child’s 1st words, but may not be understandable.
  • meanings start emerging, eg “mmmm” to mean “give me that”. usually only understood by child’s caregivers.
23
Q

Define pragmatic development.

A
  • learning how to use language to communicate and understand others appropriately and effectively in widening range of social contexts and activities while assuming increasingly complex social roles (Hymes, 1972).
24
Q

Define phonemic expansion.

A
  • child increases variety of sounds they’re able to produce
25
Q

Define phonetic contraction.

A
  • when number of sounds are reduced to what only the baby needs for their language.
26
Q

Verbal stages of speech acquisition? 12-18 months.

A

Holophrastic stage.

  • kids start using words ab 1 year.
  • by 18 months they speak ab 50 words & understand 250.
  • mostly proper/conc nouns. esp for toys/fam/animals
  • 1 word can stand for full sentence.
  • eg “cake”= “give me the cake please”
  • ^ known as holophrases and understood via their context.
27
Q

Verbal stages of speech acquisition? 18-24 months.

A

2 word stage.

  • beginning of syntax. vital move towards being able to communicate fully.
  • eg “she cold”.
  • child still lacks syntactic elements necessary to make meaning explicit so listeners must have best guess.
  • words same order as adult speech.
28
Q

Verbal stages of speech acquisition? 24-36 months.

A

Telegraphic stage.

  • 3 or + words combined into utterances resembling short sentences.
  • eg “ daddy swing me”
  • nouns, adjs, main verbs tend to be incl elements in these “sentences”
29
Q

Verbal stages of speech acquisition? 36+ months.

A

Post-telegraphic stage.

  • child’s grasp of Eng grammar becomes more sophisticated
  • eg gets to grips w inflections like plurals, present/past verb endings
  • virtuous errors initially present. takes long time to master.
  • sentence length built up.
  • function words eg pronouns, prepositions & aux verbs used.
30
Q

Define virtuous error.

A
  • mistake in child’s speech, but demonstrates understanding of grammatical rules. eg “I falled over”
  • may be termed intelligent mistakes for this reason.
31
Q

Define manner of articulation.

A
  • how airflow is constricted in the vocal tract.

- eg stop sounds. complete restrict followed by release of air. (p, b, d, t) - (plosives).

32
Q

Define place of articulation.

A
  • where in the vocal tract the constriction of airflow takes place.
  • eg bilabial - two lips together, point of maximum constriction. produces some plosives, eg p, b d, t.
33
Q

Define voice.

A
  • what the vocal folds are doing- whether voiced or unvoiced.
    eg fricative “v”- voiced. fricative “sh” - unvoiced.
34
Q

What are the first consonants a child is likely to use?

A
  • tend to be plosives and bilabials, or at least produced at the front of the mouth.
35
Q

Why are children more likely to use plosives/bilabials?

A
  • because these consonants are produced w/o the use of teeth, which children and babies don’t always have
  • they also make use of strong lip muscles formed through sucking mechanism
  • plosives and other sounds made at the front of the mouth are easy for children to see produced by caregivers, so may be easier to replicate.
36
Q

Jean Aitchson’s “building meanings” ?

A
  • identified a model of 3 stages in children’s acquisition of words and their meanings.
37
Q

Aitchison: Labelling?

A
  • linking words to the objects to which they refer, understanding that things can be labelled
38
Q

Aitchison: Packaging?

A
  • exploring labels & what they apply to

- “trial and error” approach”

A Level English Language AQA (1 decks)

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