CLA Flashcards
What are the 4 sections in the pre verbal stage?
Vegetative
Cooing
Babbling
Protowords
Describe the vegetative stage
0-4 months
Baby can make sounds of discomfort or reflexive actions
What is phonemic expansion?
When babies increase the number of sounds they can produce (as of the vegetative stage)
Describe the cooing stage
4-7 months
Baby can make sounds and vocal play using open mouthed sounds
Describe the babbling stage
6-12 months
Repeated patterns of consonant and vowel sounds
Describe the two types of babbling
Reduplicated babbling- ga ga ga
Variegated babbling- ga goo ga
Describe the proto words stage
9-12 months
Word like vocalisations, not actual words but sounds or formations that a child uses consistently for the same meaning
What is phonemic contraction?
From the proto words stage, babies slowly reduce the number of sounds they make to only those necessary for their language
What are the 4 stages of speaking development?
Holophrastic stage
Two word stage
Telegraphic stage
Post telegraphic stage
Describe the holophrastic stage
12-18 months
One word utterances are produced
What are the two theorists associated with the holophrastic stage?
Bee
Katherine Nelson
What was Bee’s theory?
A word is any sound that is used consistently to refer to the same thing.
What was Katherine Nelson’s study?
60% of first words are nouns. The rest is made up of actions, events, describing/ modifying things, personal/ social words.
Describe the two word stage
18-24 months
Two word combinations accompanied by some development of verb inflections or morphological development such as ‘s for plurals
Generally follows the SV pattern
It is a relatively short stage of a few weeks.
Describe the telegraphic stage
24-36 months
Three or more words combined
Early in the stage, verb inflections, auxiliary verbs, prepositions/adverbs and determiners are all omitted.
Describe the post-telegraphic stage
36+ months
More grammatically complex combinations, here key skills start to develop.
Remaining function words are acquired. Can use subordinating and coordinating conjunctions. Can manipulate verb aspects more accurately. Construct longer noun phrases.
What is the rate of lexical development at 12 months?
50 words but understand around 250
What is the rate of lexical development at 24 months?
200-300
What is the rate of lexical development at 36 months?
2, 000
What is the rate of lexical development at 5 years?
3, 000
What is the rate of lexical development at 7 years?
4, 000
What is the rate of lexical development at 11 years?
40, 000
Describe the nature of a child’s first words
First words are often proper or concrete nouns
They are often of a social/ interactive nature
Early vocabulary contains content words and function words are acquired later
Define phonology
The study of the sound systems of language and how they communicate meaning
Define phonetics
The study of the sounds used in speech including how they’re pronounced
Define phoneme
The smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language
Define morphology
The area of language study that deals with the formation of words from smaller units called morphemes
Define pragmatics
The factors that influence the choices that speakers make in their use of language
What is a content word?
A type of word that had an independent dictionary meaning, usually nouns, verbs adjectives or adverbs
What is a function word?
A word whose role is largely or wholly to express a grammatical relationship. Usually prepositions, conjunctions or determiners
Define a holophrase
A single word expressing a whole idea
Define a vocative
A form used to address a person
Define cohesion
The grammatical and lexical relationship within a text or sentence. Cohesion can be defined as the links that hold text together and give it meaning
Define a grapheme
A fundamental unit in a written language (alphabet letters)
Define a vowel
Sounds made without closure or audible friction
Define a dipthong
Vowels where there’s a perceptible change in sound quality such as: ew, au, oi
Define consonant
Produced when the vowel tract is blocked or restricted as to create audible friction
What are the 4 factors affecting consonant production?
Manner of articulation
Place of articulation
If voiced (by vibrating the vocal chords)
Or unvoiced (by not vibrating)
What is a plosive sound?
Created when the airflow is blocked for a brief time (voiced: B, D, G- unvoiced: P, T, K)
What is a fricative sound?
Created when airflow is only partially blocked and air moves through in a steady stream (Voiced: V, Z- unvoiced: F, S, T)
What is an affricative sound?
Created by putting plosives and fricatives together (voiced: D3- unvoiced tS)
What is an approximant sound?
Similar sounds to vowels (voiced w, r)
What is a nasal sound?
Produced by air moving through the nose (voiced m, n)
What is a lateral sound?
Created by placing the tongue on the ridge of the teeth and then moving down the side of the mouth (voiced: l)
What are the 7 early phonological errors?
Deletion Substitution Addition Assimilation Reduplication Consonant cluster reduction Deletion of unstressed syllables
What is the early phonological error of deletion?
Omitting the final consonant in words such as do(g)
What is the early phonological error of substitution?
Substituting one sound for another, particularly with sounds that develops later such as ‘sh’
What is the early phonological error of addition?
Adding an extra vowel sound to the end of words such as doggie
What is the early phonological error of assimilation?
Changing one consonant or vowel for another often in early plosive sounds of ‘b’ and ‘d’ e.g. gog for dog
What is the early phonological error of reduplication?
Repeating whole syllables e.g. dada
What is the early phonological error of consonant cluster reduction?
Clusters of consonants can be difficult for children to articulate so sometimes they reduce them to smaller units e.g. pider for spider
What is the early phonological error of deletion of unstressed syllables?
Omitting the opening syllable in polysyllabic words e.g. nana for banana
Describe the process of gaining semantic understanding
Learning the meanings of words, developing categories and heirachies, being able to link words such as pug, dog, animal
What is mutual exclusivity assumption?
A child believes that an object cannot be two things. A part of developing semantic understanding is to understand the hierachal nature of naming categories.
What is overextension?
Children often overextend a word’s meaning and link objects with similar qualities
What is underextension?
Less frequently, children understand a word by a narrower definition
What are the three types of overextension stated by Leslie Rescorla?
Categorical overextension, analogical overextension and mismatched statements
What is categorical overextension?
One member of a category is extended to all members of one category e.g. apple used for all round fruits
What is analogical overextension?
A word for one object extended to one in a different category; usually on the basis of a physical or functional connection e.g. ball used for a round fruit
What are mismatched statements?
One word sentences that appear quite abstract e.g. saying duck when looking at an empty pond
What are Jean Aitchinson’s 3 stages of semantic development?
Labelling
Packaging
Network building
Describe labelling
Linking words to the objects to which they refer, understanding that things can be labelled
Describe packaging
Explaining the labels and to what they can apply
Over/ underextension occurs in order to eventually understand the range of a word’s meaning
Describe network building
Making connections between words, understanding similarities and opposites in meaning
What is hyponomy?
The hierachal structure that exists between lexical items
What is a hyponym?
A superordinate, more specific with a category or under a hypernym
What is a synonym?
Using different labels for the same object
What are the two ways that grammatical understanding develops?
Syntactical
Morphological
What does syntactical development allow children to do?
Order words into phrases and clauses.
Make different types of utterances or sentence moods.
What is an adverbial?
The word or phrase giving information about when, where or how
What is a complement?
Word or words needed to complete expression
What is Roger Brown’s bootstrapping theory?
One of the ways children learn new words- by syntactic bootstrapping where children deduce what something is depending on the way the word is used/ where it is used in the sentence.
What are Roger Brown’s meaning relations?
Agent+Action; Agent+Affected; Entity+Attribute; Action+Affected; Action+Located; Entity+Location: Possessor+Possession;
Nomination;
Recurrence;
Negation
What is Bruner’s social interactionist theory?
Input is vital in helping children acquire language. They say interaction with a child helps them to develop a group of words, their meanings and practical realities of communication. This scaffolds a child’s language development.
What are the 4 stages of Bruner’s LASS?
Gaining attention
Query
Label
Feedback
What are the three primary auxiliary verbs?
To do
To have
To be
What order are questions acquired in?
What
Where
Why
When
What are Bellugi’s station of negation?
- Uses no or not at the beginning or end of a sentence
- Moves no or not inside the sentence
- Attaches the negative to the auxiliary verbs
What are Bellugi’s stages of pronoun development?
- The child uses their own name
- The child recognises the I/me pronouns and these are used in different places within a sentence
- The child uses them according to whether they are in the subject or object position in a sentence
Grammar develops through what syntactical advances?
Ordering words into phrases and clauses. Making different types of utterances. Inflection morphology. Derivational morphology (Adding prefixes and suffixes)
What is a free morpheme?
One that can stand alone as an independent word e.g. the
What is a bound morpheme?
One that cannot stand alone as an independent word
What is Roger Brown’s morpheme development order?
Past progressive (ing), prepositions, plural, past tense irregular (run/ran), possessives, articles, regular past tense, auxiliary verbs
What is a virtuous error?
Overgeneralising a rule that they have learnt or using conversion too often… e.g. I jammed my bread
What study proves the concept of overgeneralisation?
Jean Berko’s wug test
What is Piaget’s theory?
A child acquires more complex language only when they are intellectually ready. Divides speech into egocentric and social speech.
Describe Behaviourism
Skinner coined the term operant conditioning which concerns consequences of actions determining whether they continue or not.
Describe Nativism
Chomsky spoke of universal grammar and innateness using the language acquisition device.
How did Pinker extend Chomsky’s idea/
Children aren’t memorising utterances but gradually pick up grammar rules.
What is Vygotsky’s theory of external monologue?
When children keep a running commentary when playing or in what they are observing. This is internalised as thought as the child gets older.
What is Vygotsky’s theory of the zone of proximal development?
The difference between a child’s ability and a child’s ability with help from an adult
What are Halliday’s functions of speech?
Instrumental: fulfil a need
Regulatory: influence behaviour
Interactional: maintain social relationships
Personal: convey opinions
Representational: convey facts
Imaginative: creates an imaginary world
Heuristic: used to learn about the environment
What are Dore’s language functions?
Labelling, repeating, answering, requesting action, calling, greeting, protesting, practising
What is CDS?
The academic term for language used by adults when addressing children. It aims to: hold the child’s attention, break down language into understandable sections, make conversation more predictable by referring to the here and now.
What sort of things might an adult do in CDS?
Sing song intonation speak slower, exaggerate, use concrete nouns, dynamic verbs, adopt a child’s words for things, use phonological errors, use child’s name, absence of pronouns, repeated sentence frames, supportive language
In CDS what is expansion?
The adult fills out the child’s utterance.
In CDS what is recasting?
By putting a child’s vocabulary into a new utterance.
What are the four sections of developing pragmatics?
Implicature (what we mean rather than what we say)
Inference (Interpreting what others mean)
Politeness (Using the right words and phrases)
Conversational management and turn taking (knowing when to speak)
What is the speech act theory?
Locution (literal sense)
Illocution (implied meaning)
Perlocution (perceived meaning )
What was Clarke Stuart’s theory?
Children whose Mother’s talk to them more, have larger vocabularies
What was Katherine Nelson’s theory?
Children’s whose mothers corrected them on word choice and pronunciation actually advanced more slowly than those with mothers who were generally accepting.
What was Kuhl’s theory?
Babies turned towards adults who spoke in a sing song intonation
What is a grapheme?
Letters
What is a consonant digraph?
Contain two consonants ‘ck’
What is a vowel digraph?
Contain at least one vowel ‘ai’
What is a trigraph?
Three letters than make one sound
What is a split digraph?
Where two graphemes are not adjacent but make one sound e.g. a-e
What is a CVC word?
Consonant-vowel-consonant
What is Catherine Garvey’s theory of CLA and play?
Play is enjoyable, has no extrinsic goals, spontaneous, voluntary, active involvement, has certain systematic relations to what is not play
Quote by Vygotsky…
“What a child can do in cooperation today, he can do alone tomorrow”
What are Jean Chall’s stages of redevelopment?
- Pre-reading and pseudo reading- pretend reading
- Initial reading and decoding- simple texts with high frequency lexis
- Confirmation and fluency- paying more attention to meaning of words
- Reading for learning- reading for information
- Multiplicity and complexity- critical and analytical response to texts
- Construction and reconstruction- reading selectively
What are reading schemes?
Staged in difficulty, model politeness conventions, often use multicultural and gender representations, value of non fiction books realised especially to encourage boy to read, primary purpose to teach rather than to entertain.
What are the key features of reading books in schools?
Lexical and syntactical repetition, simple verbs used, one sentence per line, anaphoric referencing, limited use of modifiers, text-image cohesion
What is a graphophonic cue?
Looking at the shape of words, linking those to familiar words to interpret them.
What is a semantic cue?
Understanding the meanings of words and making connections between words in order to decode new ones
Collocations are words that go together e.g. mum and dad
What is a visual cue?
Looking at the pictures and using the visual narrative to interpret unfamiliar words or ideas
What is a syntactic cue?
Applying knowledge of word order and word clauses to work out if a word seems right in the context.
What is a contextual cue?
Searching for understanding in the situation of the story- comparing it to their own experience of their pragmatic understanding of social conventions
What is a miscue?
Making errors when reading: a child might miss a word or substitute another that looks similar or guess a word from accompanying pictures.
What are Barclay’s 7 stages of writing development?
- Scribbling: thinking visible, random marks on the page
- Mock handwriting: children practise drawing shapes on paper
- Mock letters: random letters but not matching sounds with symbols
- Conventional letters: match sounds with symbols
- Invented spelling: words spelt phonetically though some simple words are spelt correctly
- Appropriate spelling: sentences become more complex
- Correct spelling: cursive
What skills are needed for writing?
Holding a pen correctly; learning letter shapes; learning directionality and lineality; leaving spaces; using punctuation and cursive
What are B.M. Kroll’s stages of writing development?
Preparatory stage: physical skills, basics
Consolidation stage: writing reflects speech
Differentiation stage: awareness of differences between speaking and writing, complex sentences used
Integration stage: personal voice develops
What is grapheme substitution?
‘thort’ for ‘thought’ due to sound correspondence
What is orthographic principle?
The recognition that letters don’t necessarily correspond to expected sounds
What are the three strands school literacy is taught in?
Vocabulary
Reading/writing
Speaking
What is taught in the early years foundation stage?
Children are taught the links between graphemes and phonemes, taught to compose sentences orally before writing, write through role play, mark making
What is taught in yr1 and 2?
Simple narrative writing, narrative about personal experiences, writing about real events, poetry
What is taught in yr 3-6?
Creating settings, characters plot
Organisation develops
Describing atmosphere and dialogue
What are the three stages of Pie Corbett’s teaching children to write narratives?
Imitation: listening to stories
Innovation: adapting a well known story
Invention: making up your own stories
What genres are taught in yr 1?
Instructions
Recounts
What genres are taught in yr 2?
Reports
Explanations
What genres are taught in yr 4?
Reviews
Letters
Formal speeches
What genres are taught in yr 6?
Newspaper articles
Discussions
How did Rothery categorise genres?
Observation/ comment- writer makes an observation and may evaluate this label
Recount- chronological series of events
Report- factual, objective description
Narrative- has a set pattern of orientation, complication, resolution, coda
What are Britton’s modes of writing?
Expressive- resembles speech
Poetic- phonological features such as rhyme develop
Transactional- third person is used and is formal
What is Katherine Perrera’s framework?
Chronological and non-chronological
Define the phonic approach
The principle of identifying the regular sound-letter relationships in a writing system and teaching the child to use these to construct or decode words
Define whole word/ look and say approaches
Recognising individual words as wholes without breaking them down into constituent letters or sounds
What is a repeated epithet?
An additional name tag
What is a repeated formulae?
A repeated spell or sequence of events
What is a proverb?
A saying or a summary of some accepted wisdom
What is an addictive structure?
The event of a story tend to be linked using ‘and’ rather than more complex structures
What is readability?
How readable or unreadable a text is
What is representation?
The way in which words stand for real objects
What does Gordon Wells say about reading?
Stresses the importance of listening to stories
What does M. Clay say about writing development?
Flexibility: children experiment with graphemes
Inventory: children list what they know about writing
Generating: children combine symbols according to their own rules to create new forms
What are the 5 levels of literacy before schooling?
- Size of words may be written larger in the object is large
- Graphemes become more letter like
- Child gives each letter or syllable a value
- Development of alphabetic principle
- Fully established, no new concepts need to be established for a writing system
What does Yetta Goodman say about language use?
Functional: controlling the behaviour of others
Linguistic: syntactic, semantic, pragmatic
Relational: negotiating with those around them
What are sentence boundaries?
Full stops, capitalisations etc
