CLA

Question 1

stages of development

Answer 1

1. holophrastic stage - 12-18 months
   - this is when children take sentences worth of meaning and turn it into singular labels
   - they would usually :
2. holophrase - single word expressing big meanings
3. use noun bias - not much other vocab
4. over and under extend their words
5. use gestalt expressions - take a string of words and comprise it into a single utterance “whats that = wassat”
6. two - word stage - begin to boraden their vocab and combine words to resemble more adult - like speech
   during this they will :
   - vocab splurt and name insight
   - 18m - 50 words , 24 months - 200 words , 36 months - 2000 words
7. telegraphic stage - have longer word utterance’s and this is during 24- 36 months - use virtuous errors and syntactic inversion
8. post - telegraphic stage : 36+ months
   during this time gramtically complex combinations become more often used and they may experience non - normal fluency which means they may hesitate during their mental process to form more complex utterance’s

Question 2

key terminology

Answer 2

• assimilation - swapping consonants/vowels in a word for another
• consonant cluster reduction - redcuing phonologically complex units into snmaller ones so it is easier to say
• deletion - omitting particular sounds in a word
• diminutive - adding a suffix to make a word phonologically more easier to say
• metathesis - swapping sounds in a word
• th -fronting - adding th at the beginning of words
• reduplication - repeating consonant clusters or vowel clusters

reduplicated words - repeating words

• order of mention - when the sequence of clauses parallel to the sequence of events
• reverse order of mention - when sequence of clauses does not parallel order of events - before you go outside, put your books away
• makes it harder for them to decode

Question 3

stages of development theories
- holophrastic
- jean atichison

Answer 3

• identified 3 stages that occur during a childs acquisition of language
  1. labelling - associate sounds with things , link words together , understand concept of labels

2. packaging - they begin to explore the label
3. network building - they form connections between the labels and establish relationships and opposites or similarities between things

Question 4

stages of development theories
- holophrastic
- eve clark

Answer 4

• 2 main criteria for overextension

1. semantic features hypothesis - this is when they overextend based on features of object - scarf might be a cat because its soft when stroked
2. functional similarities hypothesis - overextend based on the similarities in which the objects are put - anything that holds a liquid may be called a cup

Question 5

stages of development theories
- holophrastic
- leslie rescorla

Answer 5

• expanded on overextension
• came up with 2 more criteria for it

1. analogical overextension - packaging element of an object and its properties
2. mismatch or predicate statements - they convey abstract info and show high levels of awareness of connections between objects

Question 6

stages of development theories
- two - word stage
- john braine

Answer 6

• idea that the connection of two - word utterance’s are revolved around a key word
• this is known as a pivot scheme
• the pivot is the key word
• e.g. “allgone food, allgone milk”

Question 7

stages of development theories
- two - word stage
- roger brown

Answer 7

• syntactic structure of 2 word utterance’s
• combination of different words which follows a limited range of patterns
• these combinations can be made from 8 different features :
  1. agent
  2. object
  3. action
  4. location
  5. possession
  6. possessor
  7. attribute
  8. demonstrative word
• uses pattern finding

Question 8

stages of development theories
- telegraphic stage
- roger brown

Answer 8

had 2 theories

1. question development stage :
   - use interrogative pronouns at start of sentences
   - use prosodic features which indicate interrogative mood by rising intonation
   - syntactic inversion of auxiliary verb
2. morpheme acquisition stages :
   - inflection, plural, possessive, definite and indefinite articles, past tense, third person and singular inflection, contraction of the verb to be

Question 9

stages of development theories
- telegraphic stage
- ursula bellugi

Answer 9

• also came up with 2 theories

1. negation development stage :
   - use no at start of sentence
   - input no or not within sentences
   - attach negatives to the auxiliary verb
2. pronoun usage stage :
   - use own name in sentence
   - recognise i and me pronouns

Question 10

stages of development theories
- pragmatic development
- mk halliday

Answer 10

• 7 functions of child language

1. heuristic - explore environment
2. imaginative
3. instrumental - express their needs
4. interactional
5. personal - express feelings or preference
6. regulatory - request or ask for things
7. representation - communicate info

Question 11

stages of development theories
- discourse development
- brown and levinson

Answer 11

• found that a child politeness is associated with the aspects of face

1. positive face - they have a desire for social approval and to be included
2. negative face - they have a need to be independent and make decisions for themselves

Question 12

cla - speech theories
- cognitivism
- vygotsky

Answer 12

• suggested that sociocultural environment is important in how children develop cogntively
• when children learn that them speaking out loud is anti social and eccentric their intrapersonal speech goes underground and becomes the silent inner speech that adults use

Question 13

cla - speech theories
- nativism
- jean berko

Answer 13

• did the wug test and found that children could successfully connect suitable suffix to make a plural or possessive word etc regardless of it being a completely nonsense word
• this suggests that children have internalised systematic aspect of linguistic features

Question 14

cla - speech theories
- social interactionism
- vygotsky and bard and sachs

Answer 14

• this is the idea that carers scaffold coversations and interactions with children so they can learn social pragmatics
• a theorist who supports this is vygotsky who suggests children need an MKO to reach and go beyond their ZPD
• another who links with this is bard and sachs - they studied young child named jim who had 2 deaf parents- he was exposed to language on the tv however his speech development was extremely poor
• this suggests that simple exposure to language is not an effective stimulus and that social interactions is needed.

Question 15

cla - speech theories
- social interactionism
- key temrinology

Answer 15

• sociodramatic play - this is important so children can adopt roles and identities
• cds - important in developing lang
• some features include :
  1. attracting and holding the babies attention
  2. encouraging convo
  3. breaking down lang in manageable chunks
  4. making convo predictable
  5. high pitched voice
  6. ids - infant directed speech
  7. repetition
  8. reinforcement
  9. prompting questions

Question 16

cla - speech theories
- behaviourist theory
- skinner

Answer 16

• does not believe that biology plays any part in the role of lang development at all
• he did a study with rats where he found operant conditioning worked and he thought this could be applied to humans too
• came up with behaviourist theory which is the idea that imitation and reinforcement is important in lang development
• children acquire language by imitating the speech and lang structures that they hear
• reinforcement is also important as it builds the basis of what children know about language

Question 17

cla - speech theories
- nativist theory
- chomsky

Answer 17

• came up with nativist theory which is based on innateness
• children have the inborn capacity to acquire language using their LAD which is triggered when they hear language
• also came up with idea of linguistic universals

Question 18

cla - speech theories
- interactionalist theory
- bruner

Answer 18

• children need a LASS to learn how to talk which requires interaction with adults
• without the input of adults children are not able to communicate
• this is because adults offer opportunities for children to acquire language often through ritualised scenarios
• adults should interact with children in ways that they are able to understand such as using cds
• link this back to chomsky - every LAD needs a LASS
• had 3 stages
• enactive - questions
• iconic - images
• symbolic - symbols

Question 19

cla - speech theories
- cognitive theory
- piaget

Answer 19

• cognitive development theory
• idea that language development comes with development of thought process
• before being able to do it we need to actually understand it
• children often construct their own view and understanding of language and the world which reflects their logical thinking
• idea of object permanence - understanding that all objects have their own independent existence and they don’t cease to exist if they are outside their sight

stages :
- sensorimotor stage - from birth to 2 years - acquire knowledge through sensory experiences
- pre operational stage - emergence of lang and egocentric
- concrete operation - they use more logical thinking
- formal operational - increase in logical thinking and they use deductive reasoning

Question 20

evaluation of theories

Answer 20

• skinner - does not explain why children cant pick up correct forms of imitation
• when a child is imitating they cant produce sentences beyond their grammatical ability
• they use wrong grammatical forms despite being corrected
• how children use forms they have not heard before

chomsky - underestimates the importance of interaction - case study of jim

piaget - evidence shows that in some children there is not a link between linguistic development and cognitive development