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ENGLISH LANG PAPER 1 > CLA > Flashcards

CLA Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four main theories of language acquisition?

A
  • Behavioural
  • Cognitive
  • Nativist
  • Interactionalist
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2
Q

Who is the main theorist for behavioural theory?

A

Skinner.

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3
Q

Who is the main theorist for cognitive theory?

A

Piaget.

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4
Q

Who is the main theorist for nativist theory?

A

Chomsky.

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5
Q

Who is the main theorist for interactional theory?

A

Bruner.

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6
Q

Outline the behavioural theory:

A
  • Environment.
  • Imitating caregivers.
  • Modifying use of language due to operant conditioning (positive/negative reinforcement).
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7
Q

What does operant conditioning provide? (Behavioural)

A

Teaches child mistakes to avoid + correct them.

  • Correct use = telling the child they’re clever + providing a request they have made (e.g. giving them food).
  • Incorrect use = told they are wrong then corrected.
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8
Q

Outline nativist theory:

A
  • Born with an innate drive for learning language (LAD).
  • Biological.
  • LAD is a baseline for understanding grammatical structure.
  • LAD contains knowledge of universal grammar (shared grammar rules that all human languages share).
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9
Q

What supports that language acquisition is biological rather than behavioural?

A

As children learn new words they can incorporate them independently.

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10
Q

Outline interactionalist theory:

A
  • children are born with ability to develop language but require regular interactions with caregivers/teachers to understand fluently (LASS).
  • Caregivers correct mistakes + teach what objects are/their purpose = helps scaffolding.
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11
Q

Outline cognitive theory:

A
  • Internal processes + schemas.
  • Applying schemas through assimilation (fitting new info to what is already known) + accommodation (changing schema to support new Info).
  • Before language development -> can’t express things they can’t understand.
  • There are four stages.
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12
Q

What are the four stages within cognitive theory?

A
  • Sensorimotor
  • Pre-operational
  • Concrete operational
  • Formal operational
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13
Q

Outline the sensorimotor stage (cognitive):

A
  • From birth to 2 years old.
  • Develop sensory coordination by playing with things.
  • Babbling + few spoken words.
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14
Q

Outline the pre-operational stage (cognitive):

A
  • From 2 to 7 years.
  • Better grasp of: grammatical structure, context, syntax.
  • Language is still egocentric (understanding of the world is limited to how it affects them).
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15
Q

Outline the concrete operational stage (cognitive):

A
  • From 7 to 11 years.
  • Understand concepts: time,numbers, object properties, reasoning, logic.
  • Allows them to speak in greater detail about own thoughts.
  • Understand different viewpoints.
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16
Q

Outline the formal operational stage (cognitive):

A
  • From 12 to adulthood.
  • Engage in higher reasoning such as hypotheticals.
  • Language is unlimited (no cognitive limit).
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17
Q

What criticism did Tomasello provide for Chomsky (Nativism)

A

Chomsky is an armchair theorist and his ideas were only speculative/uncertain.

18
Q

What case studies critised Nativism?

A
  • Genie Wiley
  • Oxana
19
Q

Outline the Genie Wiley case study:

A

A teenage girl who had been locked away from all social interaction. Following her rescue, attempts to teach her English only ever produced partial success, and she never achieved full grammatical competence.

20
Q

Outline the Oxana case study:

A

A young girl who had lived with a pack of dogs, when she was found she could hardly speak and ran on all fours barking. Since being taught language; her speech is odd, without rhythm, inflection
or tone and can still communicate through barking.

21
Q

What critism did Lenneberg provide for Nativism?

A

Proposed that the capacity to learn a language is innate but that if a child does not learn a language before the onset of puberty, the child will never master language at all; this is known as the critical period hypothesis.

Evidence: feral children such as Genie and Oxana.

22
Q

Which case studies support Nativism?

A
  • Berko ‘Wug test’
  • Pinker ‘Deaf babies’
23
Q

Outline Berko’s ‘Wug test’:

A

When faced with a picture of an imaginary ‘wug’:

  • 76% of four-to-five-year-olds formed the regular –s plural.
  • 97% of five –to-seven-year-olds formed the regular –s plural

Findings: very young children are able to connect suitable suffixes to produce plurals, past tenses, possessives, etc to nonsense words they have never heard before.

Implying that they have already internalized systematic aspects of the linguistic system.

24
Q

Outline Pinkers ‘Deaf babies’:

A

language is an innate human ability because:

  • Deaf babies “babble” with their hands as others normally do with voice, and spontaneously invent sign languages with true grammar.
  • Even in the absence of active attempts by parents to correct children’s grammar, accurate speech develops.
25
Q

Which theorsit criticies Skinner (Behaviourism)?

A

Chomsky

26
Q

How does Chomsky critisie Skinner (Behaviourism)?

A

Questioning the validity of experiments on rats and pigeons to offer comment on humans’ capacity to learn.

27
Q

Which case study study supports Behavioursim?

A

Bandura’s Bobo doll

28
Q

Outline Bandura’s Bobo doll:

A

When children saw violent treatment of a doll prior to a period of play with the doll, they were far more likely to imitate this behaviour.

Bandura emphasised the importance of language modelling – the language to which a child is exposed is likely to be imitated by the child in the same way as behaviour.

29
Q

Which case study supports Social Interactionism?

A

Bard and Sachs - Jim’s deaf parents.

30
Q

Outline Jim’s deaf parents study:

A

Although he was exposed to TV and radio, his speech development was severely retarded.

It demonstrated that simple exposure to language (e.g. from television) is not an effective stimulus to language learning; human interaction is necessary to develop speech

31
Q

Which theorists support Social Interactionism?

A
  • Clark-Stewart
  • Vygotsky
32
Q

What does Clark-Stewart argue to support Social Interactionism?

A

Children whose mothers talk more have larger vocabularies.

33
Q

What does Vygotsky argue to support Social Interactionism?

A

Suggested that for children to learn they need an MKO who supports the child in moving beyond their ZPD, encouraging them to move beyond what they already know to what is not yet known by the means of scaffolding and support.

34
Q

What is a critism of Cognitivism?

A

Some people with learning difficulties are still linguistically fluent so cognitive development and language development are not always as closely connected as Piaget suggests.

35
Q

Who criticises Cognitivism?

A

Repacholi and Gopnik

36
Q

What did Repacholi and Gopnik argue to critise Cognitivism?

A

In an experiment involving food, broccoli and crackers were offered to infants aged between 14 and 18 months, who preferred the crackers.

When offering a snack to the researcher:

-14-month-old would offer the cracker, irrespective of whether the researcher expressed an interest for broccoli or crackers.

  • 18-month-old was able to identify the researcher had indicated a preference for broccoli and offered this.

This suggests that from a very young age, children are sensitive to the needs and desires of others and are not entirely egocentric in their behaviour.

37
Q

Who supports Cognitivism?

A

Lewis and Ramsay

38
Q

What does Lewis and Ramsay argue to support Cognitivism?

A

Pronoun development during a child’s second year will depend on the extent to which the child has a sense of identity and can recognise the notion of self, particularly within the context of imaginative play.

39
Q

What case study supports Cognitivism?

A

Berko and Brown ‘Fis phenomenon’

40
Q

Outline Berko and Brown ‘Fis phenomenon’:

A

A child called his toy fish fɪs. When asked: “Is this your fɪs?”, he said no. But when asked: “Is this your fɪʃ“, he said: “Yes, my fɪs.”

This is evidence that children’s perceptual abilities are often in advance of their productive abilities.

ENGLISH LANG PAPER 1 (1 decks)

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