CJS Exam 2 Flashcards
August Vollmer
father of American policing
officers should be free of political pressure and should be educated, trained, and paid well
What are the three branches of government?
Federal, Executive, Legislative
What is the Frankpledge system in early English policing?
Groups of about 12+ men in charge of tithing neighbors, watching over their neighborhoods.
What is a Hundredman?
Appointed leader of a hundred, a group of 10 tithings (10 households).
What is a Parish Constable?
An appointed official authority who serves on a night watch; part-time, unpaid, unarmed, elected.
What did the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 establish?
London’s Metropolitan Police Force, marking the beginning of modern public policing.
Who is Sir Robert Peel?
The father of modern policing who introduced the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829.
What was the Parish Constable police system in early American policing?
A rotating occupation where policing is the responsibility of all citizens.
Who is August Vollmer?
A reformer who believed police officers should be highly educated and free from political pressure.
What are the three eras of policing?
Political (1800s-early 1900s), Reform (1930s-1960s), Community Problem Solving (1970s-present).
What characterized the Political Era of policing?
Direct link to politics and police; first well-organized system.
What influenced the period of reform in the 1960s?
Intense conflict between police and the public, particularly during Civil Rights demonstrations.
What is the concept of Community Policing?
A strategy that emphasizes police-community partnerships and proactive problem-solving.
What is the SARA model in problem-oriented policing?
A framework involving Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment.
What is the use of force?
An array of coercive actions ranging from verbal commands to deadly force.
Know about the 3 key cases that defined lawful use of force
Tennessee v. Garner- Black officer and black perpatrater→ had a flashlight and got shot. Now, when the suspect is fleeing, there has to be a direct threat; otherwise, you cannot use force on a fleeing suspect.
Graham v. Connor- Graham was diabetic; police thought he robbed a store. This resulted in an objective standard, you have to understand the context of other officers in the same situation.
Saucier v. Katz- A protester was stopped by police and used force however, Katz said it was too much force, which resulted in the police having immunity.
What limits police discretion in certain situations?
Constitutional provisions, statutory laws, court decisions, departmental policies, and mandatory arrest laws.
What is probable cause?
Logical belief fully supported by facts and circumstances, more than just suspicion.
What is reasonable suspicion?
An objective basis supported by specific facts for believing someone has committed a crime.
What is a Terry Stop?
A procedure allowing police to detain and search a person based on reasonable suspicion.
What is the exclusionary rule?
Prevents evidence obtained in violation of constitutional rights from being used in court.
What is the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine?
Excludes evidence obtained through illegal searches or seizures.
What is the Fourth Amendment?
Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures.
What are the six exceptions that justify warrantless searches?
Stop and frisk, car is drivable, international borders, sobriety checkpoints, imminent threat, taken out trash.
