CJA Exam #2

Question 1

The New Police: London Metropolitan Police

Answer 1

• 1,000 officers made up new force of police
• Uniformed
• Structured along military lines
• Became a model for police forces worldwide
• Police the poor so that the richest property remains intact

Question 2

The 20th century

Answer 2

Saw great social change and law enforcement
1902: Association of Chief of Police
1910: First Policewoman hired, failure is the ability to attract women in the law
victims of crime would rather talk to a female over a male officer they use brains and talk much better than men do, men are more assertive and aggressive
-More training of women would improve the system
1915: Fraternal Order of Police

Question 3

Worst Invention for Police

Answer 3

Automobile, policing before was just law enforcement walking around the neighborhood. Put a wall between law enforcement and the community. Officers do not communicate on a larger basis, and have lost that connection between law enforcement

Question 4

Disorder Control

Answer 4

respond to violence, something thought we had seen in the past but it had gone away, aftermath of recent shootings we are seeing a return where police are not patrolling.

Question 5

Crime Control

Answer 5

Crime precedes creation, we see aspects of this that we are responding to crime.

• Look at statistics and set up strategies tomorrow
• Constantly reacting to where crime is happening
• Biggest problem is that we are constantly reactive, even when people are talking about being proactive

Question 6

Class Control

Answer 6

Ruling class vs. poor, poor minority side and rich suburban side, law enforcement changes the way they patrol these areas

Question 7

Urban Dispersion

Answer 7

Follow Population Growth

Question 8

Broken Windows

Answer 8

Control perception of disorder

• incivility-threatening behavior or environments. Back in the 70’s psychologists did experiments of what causes crime to lose control
• Car left to be broken and left there, everything was destroyed
• Placed car in high upper class area and that people were different there

Question 9

Developed Broken Windows Theory

Answer 9

If you wait until crime starts to occur to respond than you have already lost the battle because your neighborhood is in such disarray that no one is watching and that crimes can be easily committed. Impressions that the neighborhood is going downhill

Example: Abandoned Houses, makes crime easier, make owners clean them up or bulldoze the house, makes crime easier, make owners clem them up or bulldoze them

-Police looking for signs that neighborhood is losing control

Question 10

Communitarian

Answer 10

Prevailing moral culture

Question 11

Chicago Crime Commission

Answer 11

1919 surge in crime in Chicago, commission tried to evaluate how criminal justice system was responding to that, year of prohibition

• People processing system concern was not with dispensing justice in our communities, arresting as many people and getting them through the system
• No justice from the system
• Focused on efficiency of the process
• Lack of Training and Political Affiliations

Question 12

How Prohibition affected law enforcement

Answer 12

1932: Investigate problems associated with Prohibition
- commissioned by the govt.
- Lack of professionalism and criminal corruption
- Introduced treatment and rehabilitation
- Had created our own corrupt process over the laws that we had changed

Question 13

United States Riot Commission and the ingredients

Answer 13

• 1960s riots across the US
• Looked at different riots and came up with the ingredients
• Appointed by President L. Johnson

-Discrimination, Black Migration/White Flight, Black Ghettos, Frustrated Hopes, Violence legitimated/ Encouraged, Powerlessness, Police Action v. Minority person

Effects of police tactics which may have exacerbated existing problems

Question 14

Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

Answer 14

Focus on the professionalism of Police

Question 15

How would we change professionalism in law enforcement?

Answer 15

• Education, during the 1950s was less than a HS Diploma, we created new bachelor programs, prior to program only 4 dealt with Criminal Justice. Created degrees in this field
• Law enforcement was not innovative at the time so didn’t have an educational standard
• Create Standardize Training
• Infuse policing with technical knowledge
• Law enforcement is usually two steps behind
• Law enforcement does not have the resources to communicate efficiently
• Involve the community
• Bike Patrol, one-on-one contact with people

Question 16

Education and Training

Modern Police Training involve trainings in areas like:

Answer 16

Human Relations: Firearms 
Communications: Legal Issues 
Patrol: Investigations 
Report Writing: Medical 
Terrorism: Community

Question 17

Formal Education

Answer 17

• Not required by all police departments, though for decades it has been recommended by several commissions and groups
• Departments vary with regard to hiring requirements , some require no college, others require a four year degree

Question 18

What does the department gain if college educated?

Answer 18

Exposure to college given insight into variety of cultures never connected with. Influences way that you think about relationships between ethnic and cultural groups. Making more humane and thoughtful individual

Question 19

Benefits Associated with Hiring Educated Police Officers

Answer 19

Benefits: 
Better written reports
Enhanced Public Communication Skills 
More Effective Job Performance 
Fewer Citizen Complaints 
Greater Initiative 
Wiser use of discretion, way all options, pick one least impactful on community 
Fewer Disciplinary problems

Question 20

Problems Associated

Answer 20

• More likely to leave police work
• No opportunities to innovate, still have militaristic structure, more likely to challenge the system
• More likely to question orders
• More likely to request realignments
• Allow law enforcement to use education in an effective mater, it can be shown

Question 21

Law enforcement agencies use a variety of applicant screening methods including:

Answer 21

-personal interviews
-basic skills tests
-physical agility measures
-medical exams
-drug tests
-background investigations
-psychological testing
Not a good test to hire multiple police officers, Chicago did this and they hired ex-gang members

Question 22

Knapp 1972 NYC police investigation and corruption

Answer 22

Commanders should be held accountable for their subordinates actions
Commanders should file periodic reports on key aspects that would breed corruption
Improve screening and selection methods and standards
Minimize corruption

Question 23

Missouri Investigation of racial bias as a result of the Michael Brown Shooting

Answer 23

U.S vs. them mentality, strict crime control model , use of force
Courts: practices driven by volume of cases processed and money generated, rather than justice being dispensed
Social Context: economic conditions that are unavailable to all citizens, expanding Medicaid, employment, financial empowerment, housing and transportation
When we think of riot commission report 1st time seen evaluation commission place emphasis on social context, law enforcement is the microcosm

Question 24

1974- Kansas City Preventive Patrol

Answer 24

Belief that the more police officers, crime would go down. Wanted to test that theory, broke Kansas City into 15 jurisdictions. First 5 mirrored each other in terms of demographics, First 5 leave situation the way it is and do not change the way the officers patrol.

Findings: NO change in one of the areas there was a significant increase in the fear of crime
-one with the majority of cops increases the fear

-More police does not generate less crime and doesn’t mean that cops will arrest people for minor crimes

Question 25

1984 Minneapolis Domestic violence:

Answer 25

-70s there were several incidents in NY. what occurred couple of incidences where after the police left the offending spouse would leave the women unconscious in a result of her calling the police
-Rather than go would be arrested
In experiment, if white paper responded as unsual, red someone is getting arrested, yellow counsel and separate.

The conclusions of study: After a year much smaller problem for new complaints in those households that experienced an arrest

If can’t figure out the aggressor would arrest both of them

Question 26

2009 Policing Socialization in the Academy

Answer 26

Too much of a military model, too much us vs. them.
-Need better mixture of community interaction
Changed the curriculum in this academy everything was pro-community.
-Even when making an arrest, sensitive to the dynamic of the communities.
-Trainees went into the field, acted the same as the veterans who were in the field
-Socialization during class but during breaks would tell them war stories

Question 27

2001 Boston’s Operation Ceasefire (gun, gang)

Answer 27

Every gang member seemed to have a gun. Boston was one of the first attempts at this.
The year it was done they offered Michael Jordan shoes in return for guns
-Level of violence in Boston did not go down at all