CJ Final Flashcards
1
Q
What is the “principal of moral righteousness?”
A
Justice
2
Q
What model emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders.
A
The Crime Control Model
3
Q
As society became more focused on individual rights in the 1960s and 1970s, what happened to crime in the United States?
A
Reported crime increased dramatically.
4
Q
What is not a function of courts
A
Enforce the Law
5
Q
Which of the following measures the extent of reported and unreported crimes to law enforcement in the United States?
A
NCVS
6
Q
Procedural fairness is:
A
Due Process
7
Q
Check on the exercise of power by other criminal justice agencies is a function of:
A
Courts
8
Q
Which component of the criminal justice system is expected to maintain order?
A
Police
9
Q
What model suggests that all parts of the criminal justice system work harmoniously together to achieve justice.
A
Consensus Model
10
Q
Which component of the criminal justice system is responsible for carrying out sentences?
A
Corrections
11
Q
What is referred to as the systems model.
A
The conflict model.
12
Q
Which component of the criminal justice system is responsible for upholding the law?
A
Courts
13
Q
At what stage of the criminal justice process is the defendant notified of indictment and required to enter a plea?
A
Arraignment
14
Q
Which model assumes each component of the criminal justice system functions to serve their own interests?
A
Conflict Control
15
Q
The _______________ viewpoint asserts that a crime is a violation or breaking of law
A
Legalistic
16
Q
Of the following, which is not a Part 1 Offense covered by the UCR?
A
Simple assault.
17
Q
Of the following Part 1 Offenses covered by the UCR, which is the most frequently reported major offense?
A
Larceny Theft
18
Q
Of the following Part 1 Offenses covered by the UCR, which is the most frequently reported major offense?
A
Larceny-Theft
19
Q
Which of the following measures the extent of reported and unreported crimes to law enforcement in the United States?
A
NCVS
20
Q
The NIBRS program collects data from:
A
Law enforcement agencies in the United States
21
Q
The dark figure of crime refers to ________.
A
crime that is not reported to the police
22
Q
The National Crime Victimization Survey includes information on which of the following crimes?
A
Robbery
23
Q
Which of the following is a problem with the NCVS program?
A
Respondents may invent victimizations
24
Q
Shoulder surfing and dumpster diving are techniques used to commit which crime?
A
Identity Theft
25
The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft is the crime of ________
Burglary
26
Most aggravated assaults are committed with ________.
Blunt Objects
27
Which major crime has the highest clearance rate?
Murder.
28
Which weapon is used most often to commit murder?
Firearms
29
If you are looking for national crime statistics and want data that solely focuses on crimes reported to the police, you should use which of the following sources of data?
NIBRS
30
________ is obtained by surveying offenders and asking them to reveal illegal activity in which they have been involved
Self-Report Data
31
Your friend is looking for national level data of crimes not reported to the police for a class project. Which should they use?
NCVS
32
Which source of data consistently classifies robbery as a property crime?
NIBRS
33
Which source of data distinguishes between Part I and Part II crimes?
UCR
34
The ___________ does not collect data on homicides.
NCVS
35
The NCVS collects data on persons _________ years of age and older within American households.
12
36
___________________ is created through legislative action
Statutory Law
37
An unleashed pet in a jurisdiction with leash laws is an example of:
An Infraction
38
Bart Simpson and his best buddy, MilHouse Van Houten, are having an argument. During the argument, Bart shoves MilHouse, who falls down and breaks his glasses and wrist. Bart is apologetic, as he did not mean for MilHouse to get injured.
Prosecution can charge Bart with simple assault because of proof the incident (crime) occurred and presence of mens rea. Which of the following levels of mens rea is most applicable?
Knowing
39
Snoopy is preparing to give little baby Woodstock a bath. Snoopy draws the bathwater and sits Woodstock in it. Suddenly, there is a ring at the door and Snoopy leaves the bathroom to go answer the door. The visitor, Peppermint Patty, has stopped by to have a movie night with her pal, Snoopy and little baby, Woodstock. After greeting his friend, Snoopy hurries back to the bathroom, only to find that little baby Woodstock has drowned.
Which level of mens rea is most applicable to this scenario?
Negligent
40
Minnie Mouse is mad at her partner, Mickey Mouse, as she discovered that Mickey has been canoodling with Daisy Duck behind her back. Minnie determines that the best way to deal with the situation is to murder her partner, Mickey Mouse. The following week, after a long day full of filming, Mickey pulls into the drive way and walks into the house. Upon entry into the house, Minnie fires her pistol. To Minnie's surprise, she does not hit Mickey. Instead, she hits Goofy, who dies at the scene.
Minnie is charged for first degree murder of Goofy. What type of mens rea or culpability does prosecution use as grounds for this charge?
Transferred Intent
41
Of the following, which is not an element that composes the essence of a crime?
Motive
42
Baby Stewie (really) does not like their sister, Meg. Stewie feels like their life would be better without Meg. To put this plan into motion, Stewie decided to meet with a potential hit-person. After a long conversation and paying the hit-person with all the money in their piggy bank, Stewie orders the murder of Meg. Unbeknownst to Stewie, their hit-person is really an undercover officer for the Quahog Police Department. Stewie is immediately arrested, while Meg is moved to a safe location.
Which type of offense is Stewie guilty of committing?
Inchoate
43
British piggy, Peppa, has been living in New York City, which is across the pond from her home land of the United Kingdom. During her time in New York City, Peppa has made lots of friends, some of which work for the American Government. This is no surprise, as Peppa was hired to obtain intelligence and confidential information about the American government that involves National security. Though Peppa is clever, American Federal agents have been watching her. Upon returning to her apartment building after a stroll in Central Park, Federal agents arrest Peppa.
Which of the following offenses will Peppa be charged with? Select the most appropriate choice.
Espionage
44
Scooby Doo has been consuming a lot of snacks that have an illicit substance, which significantly alters his judgment. Because Scooby is in a hurry to get to his next mystery, he decides to get behind of the wheel of the Mystery Machine. On his way to meet the gang, Scooby swerves into the lane next to his and hits another car. The driver of the other vehicle is injured and Scooby is charged with vehicular assault.
Which level of mens rea has prosecution satisfied in this scenario? Select the most appropriate choice.
Reckless
45
Which of the following is an important element(s) relevant to using a criminal defense strategy of self defense in an incident where the defendant has employed deadly force ?
Level of threat matches the level of force
46
Jane Jetson has Lupus, which is a serious auto-immune disease. While at home with her daughter, Judy, Jane undergoes an attack. Jane really needs to go to the Orbit City Emergency Room, but Judy lost her license two months ago after being convicted of driving under the influence of space cake. Judy calls and texts her father, George, but is unable to reach him, as he is in an all-day meeting with his boss, Mr. Spacely. Judy then tries reaching out to her friends, but is unable to reach them. And top top it all off, the local Uber service is not in commission, as all drivers are on strike and EMS may take an hour. Without anymore options, Jane helps her mother into the family sky vehicle and they head to the hospital. While on the way to the hospital, they are pulled over by a law enforcement officer for speeding. During the stop, the law enforcement officer discovers Judy is operating a vehicle on a suspended license and thus, they take her into custody.
Which defense is Judy Jetson's Defense Team likely to use in court? Select the most appropriate answer.
Necessity
47
Garfield is at a party, when he spots lasagna sitting on the kitchen counter. Garfield, being the lasagna connoisseur that he is, decides to help himself. After quickly scarfing down two squares of lasagna, Garfield's judgment starts to become compromised. He starts hallucinating, thinking that everyone at the party are chickens out to attack him. Odie, Garfield's best buddy in the whole world, noticed that Garfield's demeanor has changed. He approaches Garfield, who responds by repeatedly violently attacking Odie. Witnesses at the party call 911, which leads to Garfield being arrested.
In court, Garfield's Defense Team is likely to present a case with a defense of _______________________.
Involuntary Intoxication
48
Smurfette has a cocaine stash for personal use. New friend, Brainy Smurf, has been stopping by her mushroom cottage, asking if he can have some of her personal stash. Smurfette, who only has it for personal use and does not want to get into dealing, declines Brainy's requests. Brainy continues to drop by Smurfette's cottage, insisting on Smurfette to let him have some of her personal cocaine stash to sell for extra money. Brainy explains that he very behind in the mortgage and if he does not pay in 2 weeks, he will lose his cottage. Smurfette, worn down from Brainy's attempts and severity of his situation, decides to give him some of her personal cocaine stash to sell. As soon as Smurfette hands the personal stash to Brainy, she is arrested.
Smurfette's Defense Team is likely to use a defense of __________________.
Entrapment
49
Winnie the Pooh, in need of some of honey, decides to hijack the local honey truck in the Hundred Acre Wood. After hijacking the local honey truck with a honey dipper, Winnie is arrested, charged and convicted of aggravated vehicular hijacking. Owl, the Hundred Acre Wood Circuit Court Judge, sentences Winnie the Pooh to 5 years in the Hundred Acre Wood Medium-Level Security Prison. The Prosecutor, Rabbit, displeased with the level of punishment, seeks charges against Winnie the Pooh again for the same criminal incident.
Winnie's Defense Team responds with a defense of __________________.
Double Jeopardy
50
A fight breaks out between Kermit, Fozzie, Beaker and Swedish Chef, which leaves Beaker severely injured. The Prosecutor, Miss Piggy, only seeks criminal charges against Kermit. Investigators that work for Kermit's Defense Team, uncover very quickly that Miss Piggy has a history of only seeking charges against green defendants and making comments related to their ethnicity.
Kermit's Defense Team is likely to employ the defense, __________________.
Selective Prosecution
51
Which defenses requires a person's mental condition to be impaired during commission of the crime? Select the most appropriate choice.
Diminished Responsibility
52
Oscar the Grouch is charged with selling drugs out of his trash can. Oscar, who is known to sleep on the corner of 63rd and Sesame Street and Broadway, was awoken to police officers searching his can for drugs. After a quick search, law enforcement officers pull out a couple of bricks of heroin from Oscar's can and arrest him. Oscar informs his Defense Team that he has never seen those bricks of heroin before. In fact, he is certain the bricks were not present until after the police started searching his can.
Oscar's Defense Team will likely attempt to use what legal defense? Select the most appropriate choice.
Police Fraud
53
Powerpuff Girls, Buttercup and Bubbles, are super stressed. Their best pal, Blossom, was kidnapped by Mojo Jojo. Though smart and ethical in nature, Buttercup and Bubbles are desperate to get Blossom back. Mojo Jojo has given them 2 days to pay him $5 million dollars. Buttercup and Bubbles do not have $5 million dollars, nor do they know anyone who can loan them the money, Mojo Jojo has made it very clear that there is to be no "funny business," which means no help from other super heroes, nor law enforcement. At a loss for options, Buttercup and Bubbles break into the Townsville Bank and steal $5 million dollars. Upon sneaking away from the bank, Buttercup and Bubbles are arrested.
The Defense Team for Buttercup and Bubbles will likely attempt to use what defense? Select the most appropriate choice.
Duress
54
It is a busy day at the Slate Rock and Gravel Company. There are many contractors who are assessing the current state of business. All contractors have brought their lunch pails with them. In the flux of the day, Fred Flintstone, picks up what he believes to be his pail and heads home. When Fred gets home, the Prehistoric Police are there to arrest him for theft of another contractor's lunch pail.
Fred Flinstone's Defense Team is likely to employ which defense? Select the most appropriate choice.
Mistake of Fact
55
Jessica Rabbit is having an argument with her husband, Roger Rabbit. Roger, who is jealous, saw Jessica talking to a customer at the night club where she is a singer. Roger starts berating Jessica with repeated verbal insults. Jessica, who is not only uncomfortable with Roger's verbal insults and overall demeanor, but tired of dealing with them when he gets jealous, hits Roger with a baseball bat.
Jessica with the guidance of her Defense Team, may use the defense of ____________________.
Provocation
56
Louise Belcher is being tried for the murder of Jimmy Pesto, Jr. Louise's legal team provides evidence that demonstrates Louise was at her family's burger shop talking to regular, Teddy, during the timeframe the medical examiner estimated Jimmy Pesto, Jr's murder to have occurred. More specifically, her legal team presents not only eye witness testimony, but camera footage showing Louise in the burger shop during the timeframe of Jimmy Pesto, Jr's murder. As a result, the jury found Louise Belcher not guilty of Jimmy Pesto, Jr's murder.
Two weeks later, prosecution seek new charges against Louise Belcher for the murders of two other neighborhood children, who were not only hanging out close to where Jimmy Pesto, Jr. was when he was murdered, but also during the same timeframe.
Louise's Defense Team will likely use which defense to fight these new charges? Select the most appropriate answer.
Collateral Estoppel
57
________________ excludes from introduction at trial any evidence later developed as a result of an illegal search or seizure.
The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine
58
___________ is a working partnership between citizens and the police.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
Community Policing
59
_________________ is the basic minimum element needed for an arrest under any circumstances.
Choose the most appropriate answer
Probable cause
60
_________________ is whenever a law enforcement officer restricts a person’s freedom to leave.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
Arrest
61
___________________________ focuses on the failure of officers to obtain warrants that authorize them to conduct searches or make arrests.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
The exclusionary rule.
62
_______________________ is the unbroken line of authority that extends through all levels of a police organization. Choose the most appropriate answer.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
The chain of command
63
A state law enforcement agency that distinguishes between traffic enforcement on state highways and state level functions follows which of the following models?
Choose the most appropriate answer.
Decentralized
64
In Mapp v. Ohio (1961), the U.S. Supreme Court extended ____________________ to the state court system and jurisdiction.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
The exlusionary rule
65
Which of the following amendments applies to Weeks v. U.S. (1914), Mapp v. Ohio (1961) and Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. U.S. (1920)?
Choose the most appropriate answer.
4th Amendment
66
Per the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Chimel v. California (1969), an arresting officer without a search warrant can search:
Choose the most appropriate answer.
the defendant and area within their immediate control
67
Lola Bunny shows up at the Toontown Police Department to file a report against Bugs Bunny for domestic violence. Lola shows Toontown officers places on her body where fur was missing and said the domestic assault happened in the rabbit hole she shared with Bugs. Lola takes the Toontown officers to the rabbit hole where she said the incident happened and lets them inside. While looking for Bugs Bunny in the rabbit hole, the Toontown officers not only find Bugs Bunny, but they find a substantial heap of psychedelic carrots - the highly illegal kind. The police arrest Bugs Bunny and the Toontown District Attorney charges him with domestic assault and possession of a controlled substance - again, those psychedelic carrots were super, highly illegal.
Bugs Bunny appeals that his 4th Amendment rights were violated, as Lola and Bugs ended their relationship 4 weeks prior and Lola was no longer inhabiting the same rabbit hole as Bugs. Therefore, Lola did not have the ability to provide access to Bugs' rabbit hole and thus, the psychedelic carrots were illegally seized because the Toontown police officers did not have a warrant to search Bugs' rabbit hole
Eventually, the case makes its way to the U.S. Supreme Court, who reviews it and determines:
Choose the most appropriate answer.
there was no violation of the 4th amendment, as the Toontown police officers were acting in good-faith, as they had reason to believe Lola shared the rabbit hole with Bugs. Therefore, the entry was lawful and evidence was seized legally.
68
Road Runner, who has been speeding around the Baja peninsula in Mexico on vacation for the last 6 weeks, is returning to the United States - After all, he cannot party forever. Sigh. When approaching the border to enter the United States, Road Runner is approached by U.S. Customs and Border Patrol agents who inform him that they are going to search his super fast Bugatti Chiron Super Sport 300+.
Road Runner, who went to law school - that's right, he does not party all of the time - recalls that to search his vehicle, U.S. Customs and Borders officers need:
Choose the most appropriate answer
compelling interest. No warrant and no suspicion required.
69
Elmer Fudd, the Sheriff of Toontown County, suspects that Bugs Bunny is growing psychedelic carrots in his rabbit hole. Determined to bust Bugs, Elmer Fudd, consults Toontown County's technology manager, Marvin the Martian. Based on Marvin's insight, Elmer uses some of the Toontown County Sheriff Department's budget to purchase some high-tech thermal-imaging devices.
After the new thermal-imaging devices come in and are tested, Elmer and some of his Toontown County deputies take the new technology over to Bugs Bunny's rabbit hole and perform warrantless scans of it. Readings from the scans, which indicated unusual amounts of heat concentrated in specific locations within Bugs' rabbit hole, were used to seize the psychedelic carrot plants being grown in Bugs Bunny's rabbit hole. Ultimately, Bugs is arrested, charged and convicted of cultivation of psychedelic carrot plants.
Bugs Bunny appeals his conviction, which goes up the U.S. Supreme Court who rule:
Choose the most appropriate answer.
the search was a violation of Bugs Bunny's 4th Amendment rights and thus, was an illegal search. In this situation, Toontown County Sheriff's Department needed a warrant to use thermal imaging devices to perform a search of Bugs Bunny's rabbit hole.
70
Hank Hill is a criminal investigator for Arlen County Sheriff's Department in Texas. One day, Hank receives a tip from an anonymous informant that yoga instructor, Yogi Victor, is trafficking large amounts of rainbow fentanyl out of their yoga studio in McMaynerberry. The anonymous informant gives lots of specific details that seem reasonable to Hank Hill.
In turn, Hank Hill applies for a search warrant, which is reviewed by the judge overseeing felony cases in Arlen County. After reviewing the affidavit or request for a search warrant, the judge determines:
Choose the most appropriate answer
based on everything that Hank Hill and Arlen County Sheriff's Department know, the information supplied by the anonymous informant appears to be believable, thus probable cause has been met for the warrant.
71
Ernie the Giant Chicken, who is a Detective for the Quahog Police Department, received information related to the home invasion robbery turned death of old man John Herbert. More specifically, word on the street - Spooner Street to be exact - is that Peter Griffin is responsible for these crimes. Peter Griffin was a neighbor of old man Herbert, so it made sense that he was to blame.
In response to this information, the Quahog Police Department Violent Crimes Task Force apprehend Peter Griffin and take him to the Quahog Police Department. Peter Griffin is then placed in an interrogation room, where he is deprived of Peanut Butter and Jelly Time, food, and bathroom breaks. During his time in custody, Peter is subjected to constant bright lights flashed in his face, while being directly questioned about the robbery-murder of old man Herbert. After being subjected to this for 36 hours, Peter Griffin breaks down and confesses to the robbery-murder of old man Herbert, which is used to convict him.
Peter Griffin ends up appealing his conviction, arguing that his _______________ Amendment rights were violated.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
5th Amendment
72
Which U.S. Supreme Court case forms the basis of the exclusionary rule?
Choose the most appropriate answer.
Weeks Vs U.S.
73
Detective Fozzie Bear is questioning Brooklyn residents in the Sesame Heights neighborhood about a recent rash of burglaries. Fozzie knocks on the apartment door of Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, who invites Fozzie inside. While in the formal living room of Dr. Honeydew's swanky-modern apartment, Detective Fozzie Bear notices baggies of cocaine, along with other drug paraphernalia visibly sitting out on the tabletop of the bar . Detective Fozzie Bear takes the baggies of cocaine and other drug paraphernalia, and arrests Dr. Bunsen Honeydew.
In response to the criminal charges related to the seized evidence, Dr. Bunsen Honeydew's defense team argues that it is a violation oh his 4th Amendment rights. The Court determines that:
Choose the most appropriate answer.
Detective Fozzie Bear legally seized the drug evidence, as it was in plain-view, where the police officer had a legal right to be in the space that Dr. Bunsen Honeydew invited him into.
74
Mickey Mouse, Senior Detective for the Mouseton Police Department, is granted an arrest warrant for Scrooge McDuck. Detective Mickey Mouse, along with his trusty partner, Pluto, go to Scrooge McDuck's Mouseton mansion, where they find Scrooge McDuck alone in his upstairs mini vault, counting his gold coins. Detective Mickey Mouse arrests Scrooge McDuck and searches him. While Mickey Mouse is arresting Scrooge McDuck, Pluto, being the resource law enforcement officer that he his, proceeds to conduct a warrantless search throughout Scrooge's house, fancy pool house, state of the art garage, bunker and his five Rolls Royce vehicles.
Per the 4th Amendment and Supreme Court precedent:
Choose the most appropriate answer.
the search of Scrooge McDuck and anything within his immediate control were legal. The searches conducted of Scrooge's entire house, pool house, garage, bunker and vehicles were not.
75
Scooby Doo has been sniffing around the boutique biscuit treat shop in Crystal Cove. Velma Dinkley, a seasoned, veteran criminal investigator of the Crystal Cove Police Department, notices Scooby Doo repeatedly pacing around the biscuit treat shop and peering into the shop windows. Velma thinks to herself, "Jinkies!" something is up with this character. So, Investigator Velma Dinkley briefly stops Scooby Doo and proceeds with a light putdown of his outer fur coat. In the process, Investigator Velma Dinkley finds a firearm, which laters results in the arrest and later conviction of Scooby Doo for carrying a concealed weapon.
Scooby Doo, feeling wronged by the system, appeals his conviction on grounds that there was no probable cause to arrest him, nor search search him. The case landed with the U.S. Supreme Court, who determined:
Choose the most appropriate answer.
given the circumstances and experience of veteran criminal investigator, Velma Dinkley, her brief detention or stop to further investigate Scooby Doo and then, briefly search him, were both reasonable. In other words, there was not violation of Scooby Doo’s 4th amendment rights.
76
Per U.S. Supreme Court decision, ______________ is needed by the police or law enforcement officers to conduct investigatory stops and brief detentions of persons in the United States.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
Reasonable Suspicion
77
Warrantless searches of vehicles, boats and mobile homes by police and law enforcement officers are permitted by way of the ________ to the exclusionary rule.
Choose the most appropriate answer
fleeting targets exception
78
What is the importance of the 14th Amendment with respect to criminal procedure?
Choose the most appropriate answer.
It extends constitutional protections to state-level criminal justice.
79
A bullet was fired through the wall of Baby Stewie's condo, which severely wounded his next door neighbor, Baby Bertram. While investigating the incident, Officer Mort Goldman with the Quahog Police Department entered Baby Stewie's condo to find the shooter and other potential victims. Officer Mort Goldman, along with his partner, Cleveland Brown, see an AK47 in the front room and seize it. Officer Mort Goldman notices a bookshelf with what appears to be a small "fake" book resting on the end, so he picks it up to inspect further. Upon opening the small book, Officer Mort Goldman finds several expensive Rolex watches. Suspecting the watches were obtained illegally, Officer Mort Goldman writes down the serial numbers from the watches and phones in the numbers to the Quahog Police Department to check. Upon learning the watches were taken in a robbery, Officer Mort Goldman seizes them, which leads to the conviction of Baby Stewie for robbery. (Side bar: He is charged with other offenses related to AK47 and injury of Baby Bertram, as well).
The Court System in Rhode Island said the search and seizure of the Rolex watches was bad. Not happy about this decision, the Quahog Police Department appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court who rule:
Choose the most appropriate answer.
the search related Rolex watches was not related to exigent circumstances and that the Rolex watches were not in plain-view for officers to seize them under the 4th Amendment.
80
Police Chief Papa Smurf instructs all of officers of the Smurf Village Police Department to write tickets for any motorists who are going at least one mile per hour above the speed limit. The Smurf Village Police Department is most likely operating under the ________ style of policing.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
Legalistic
81
The broken windows model of policing focuses on which element of the police mission?
Choose the most appropriate answer.
Preserving the Peace
82
______________ are the trial courts of the federal court system.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
U.S District Courts
83
Which of the following is not considered a pretrial activity?
Select the most appropriate answer.
Sentencing
84
This court is considered the apex or highest court in the United States?
Select the most appropriate answer.
The U.S Supreme Court
85
A police subculture includes ________.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
shared values, beliefs, and forms of behavior
86
Which of the following is an example of a grass eater?
Choose the most appropriate answer.
An officer who accepts small bribes and minor services from citizens.
87
A ________ weapon is designed to disable, capture, or immobilize, but not kill, a suspect.
Choose the most appropriate answe
less-lethal
88
Potential responsibility for payment of damages or other court-ordered enforcement as a result of a ruling in a lawsuit is:
Choose the most appropriate answer.
civil liability
89
Each state has its own ________ located within its borders.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
Supreme Court
90
________ appeals to federal appellate courts involve major questions of law and policy where there is considerable professional disagreement among the courts.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
Nonconsensual
91
A drug court is an example of a(n) ________.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
problem-solving court
92
The power of judicial review allows the U.S. Supreme Court to ________.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
review lower-court decisions and state and federal statutes
93
In many jurisdictions, what is the earliest stage of the court process at which defendant may be given formal notice of the charges against them?
Select the most appropriate answer.
First or initial appearance
94
When is a probable cause hearing necessary?
Choose the most appropriate answer.
When the arrest was made without a warrant
95
Which of the following is a purpose of bail?
Choose the most appropriate answer.
To prevent unconvicted suspects from suffering imprisonment unnecessarily
96
Release on recognizance ________.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
permits release on the basis of a written promise to appear.
97
An indictment is filed by the ________.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
grand jury
98
What is the primary purpose of the preliminary hearing?
Choose the most appropriate answer.
To give defendants the opportunity to challenge the legal basis for their detention. In other words, determine if there is probable cause to hold the defendant.
99
What type of plea is most similar to a guilty plea?
Choose the most appropriate answer.
No contest
100
When a defendant "stands mute" at arraignment, they are considered to have entered a ________ plea.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
Not Guilty
101
The application of more force than is necessary to compel compliance from a subject is known as ________.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
Excessive Force
102
Lower courts of the state court system have ___________ jurisdiction.
Select the most appropriate answer.
Special or Limited
103
Trial courts (e.g., circuit or superior) in the state court system have __________ jurisdiction, which gives them power to hear any criminal case.
Select the most appropriate answer.
General
104
________________ is the highest court in the state court system.
Select the most appropriate answer.
Supreme
105
_____________ is a process of negotiation between prosecution, defense counsel and the defendant that is founded on the mutual interests of all involved.
Plea Bargaining
106
______________ occurs when law enforcement officers focus on particular actions and behaviors with respect to an individual that are in relation to commission of crime.
Behavior Profiling
107
A report - verbal or written - that examines a convicted offender’s background prior to sentencing, best describes which of the following:
Choose the most appropriate option
Presentence investigation.
108
Which goal of punishment attempts to obtain a balance between the legitimate needs of the community, the offender, and the victim?
Restoration
109
Judge, Donald Duck, believes that the criminal justice system should seek to inhibit or prevent future criminal behavior through fear of punishment. Which philosophy of punishment (goal of punishment) does Donald Duck best align with?
Choose the most appropriate option.
Deterrrence
110
Defendant making an effort to pay restitution, the defendant having good character, the defendant cooperating with and assisting prosecution and the defendant committing the crime they were convicted of under duress are _____________________ factors or circumstances weighed by the judge at sentencing.
Choose the most appropriate option
mitigating
111
Marvin the Martian has just been convicted of trafficking a large amount of rainbow fentanyl by a jury of his Martian peers. The Judge, Bugs Bunny, hands down a punishment of 15-30 years. This means that Marvin has to serve a minimum of (or no less than) 15 years, but no more than 30 years, in Toon Town Penitentiary, with the potential for early release if they participate in treatment and work programs, as well as exhibit good behavior while incarcerated.
In this scenario, the Toon Town court jurisdiction likely operates under a:
indeterminate sentencing model.
112
Mickey Mouse holds the ultimate authority in ruling on matters of law in criminal court. What courtroom participant is Mickey Mouse?
Choose the most appropriate option.
A Judge
113
Which of the following is a member of the courtroom work group?
A public defender
114
Pluto is responsible for keeping order in the courtroom and announcing the Judge, Mickey Mouses', entry into the courtroom. What courtroom participant is Pluto?
Choose the most appropriate option.
A Bailiff
115
(adult) Stan Marsh has taken the stand in South Park Superior Court to testify only to (and nothing else) seeing firsthand his childhood friend, (adult) Eric Cartman, kill his other lifelong friend, Kenny McCormick, over a bag of cheesy poofs.
Stan Marsh is considered a _________________ witness.
Choose the most appropriate option.
lay
116
(adult) Kyle Broflovski has been called to take the stand in South Park Superior Court to testify about the defendant, his childhood friend, (adult) Eric Cartman's character, family life, personality and overall, demeanor..
Kyle Broflovski is considered a _________________ witness.
Character
117
The primary purpose of a criminal trial is to ________.
determine the guilt or innocence of a defendant
118
During jury selection, challenges for cause ________.
claim that an individual juror cannot be fair or impartial.
119
Assistant District Attorney, Lucy van Pelt, provides fairly sufficient evidence to convince the jury that the defendant, Pig Pen, is guilty of mass-producing methamphetamine to sell to residents in Hennepin County, Minnesota.
In this scenario, Assistant District Attorney, Lucy van Pelt, has most likely established _____________ guilt.
legal
120
American criminal trial courts operate under a structure known as ________.
Choose the most appropriate option.
the adversarial system
121
________ is a type of sentencing plan that allows no leeway in the imposition of a sentence for a person convicted of a crime.
Mandatory Sentencing
122
Of the following, which is considered to be an advantage of using fines as a criminal punishment?
Fines can be made proportionate to the seriousness of the crime.
123
Lisa Simpson is participating in a debate hosted by Springfield Elementary School concerning the use of capital punishment in the American criminal justice system. Specifically, Lisa is arguing in favor of retaining the death penalty in American society.
Which of the following is not an argument that Lisa should include in her position, as it does not align well with a death penalty retention/proponent position?
Costly
124
Which sentencing philosophy (goal of sentencing) focuses on public safety by separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality?
Incapacitation
125
When referring to sentencing, proportionality is _______________.
that the severity of the sanction matches the seriousness of the offense.
126
What is the main priority of justice reinvestment?
Prioritizing the use of alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent offenders.
127
________ evidence requires interpretation, or for a judge or jury to reach a conclusion based on what the evidence indicates.
Circimstantial
128
Peppa Pig is a ballistics expert residing in New York City, New York. Peppa has been asked by the head prosecuting attorney in Cleveland, Ohio, to testify in a trial. More specifically, Peppa has been asked to speak on the style of bullets found at the scene of a murder, which match the bullets found in the defendant's firearm located at their residence.
Peppa Pig is considered a(n) _________________ witness.
Expert
129
Which courtroom actor presents opening statements in a criminal trial?
Prosecuting and defense attorneys.
130
Community service, day reporting, counseling and drug treatment are examples of:
alternative sentencing
131
(adult) Tina Belcher is incarcerated in the women's state correctional facility located in Ocean City, New Jersey. While incarcerated, Tina has been participating in counseling, anger management, and assisting the GED English Instructor with English classes, particularly writing, offered to inmates.
Tina's first parole hearing is scheduled for next month. Tina is hoping that her steady participation in various program opportunities while incarcerated will count towards ___________ time, which can result in time deducted from her original sentence.
gain
132
_____________ has its roots in 14th century English Courts, where the courts allowed an offender to be entrusted into the custody of persons willing to take them on.
Probation
133
Spiderman is on probation in New York City. He must comply with conditions that all probationers in the jurisdiction he was sentenced in have to observe. These are known as ______________.
General Conditions
134
Split sentencing, shock incarceration and house arrest are all examples of:
Intermediate Sanctions
135
Stimpy is a first-time offender convicted of selling a controlled substance. The Judge, Muddy Mudskipper, orders Stimpy to spend 60 days in jail to be followed by a period of 3 years on probation.
Of the following, which form of punishment did Stimpy receive?
Split sentencing
136
Surrendering of driver's license, participation in GED classes and a set curfew are _______________ conditions of probation.
Special
137
Which of the following statements regarding probation is correct?
Probation is a sentencing strategy used by judges.
138
Daisy Duck is incarcerated in the women's state correctional facility located in the city of Duckberg. While incarcerated, Daisy, has been diligently working towards her rehabilitation by following orders, getting along with other inmates and participating in programming. Overall, Daisy has had no overarching concerns since being incarcerated.
Next month, Daisy will come before a parole board, who will look at a multitude of factors including behavior and participation inside prison to determine if Daisy will be eligible for early conditional release.
Based on the information provided, Daisy's custody status will be determined by which of the following parole models?
Discretionary Parole
139
Which of the following statements about parole is correct?
Parole is an administrative decision determined by a legally designated paroling authority.
140
Obeying extradition requests from other states, payment of fines and remaining within a specified state of jurisdiction are _______________ conditions of parole
General.
141
Of the following, which population is disproportionately overrepresented in probation and parole?
African-Americans
142
Research indicates that ____________ significant contributor(s) or driver(s) of new state prison admissions in the United States.
probation and parole violations
143
Kermit the Frog is hosting a symposium on community corrections in America. Kermit has to decided to participate in a panel that discusses the use of probation and parole. His role in the panel will be to focus on the advantages of using probation and parole.
Of the following, which should Kermit the Frog not focus on when covering the benefits of probation and parole as community corrections options in America?
Less punishment than imprisonment.
144
______________ occurs when an offender's conditional release status is removed by a court order or paroling authority due to a violation of their probation or parole conditions.
Revocation
145
Which function of probation and parole work, typically for juvenile offenders, may involve resolving complaints between the victim and the offender before sentencing?
intake
146
Garfield the Cat is a probation officer who has been asked to discuss what the job is like at a local high school in his home State of Indiana. Garfield, being the transparent cat that he is, plans to cover the challenges of being a probation officer during the job talk.
Of the following, which is Garfield likely to highlight as a challenge of probation work during the job talk?
Heavy Caseloads
147
Bart Simpson is an expert in community corrections, who has been asked to speak on a podcast that is covering intermediate sanctions. The podcast has asked Bart to discuss the potential advantages that intermediate sanctions can offer American communities.
Based on the available options, which is Bart Simpson likely to identify as an advantage of intermediate sanctions?
Intermediate sanctions reduce the stigma of being incarcerated
148
_____________ funded reentry services and programs like mentoring for persons leaving prison, education and job training, reentry courts and drug treatment inside and outside of prison via grant applications submitted by non-profit organizations.
The Second Chance Act
149
In the federal home confinement program, what component is the most restrictive, as it requires the offender to be at home 24 hours a day with the exception of court or medical appointments?
Home Incarceration
150
Of the following statements about intensive probation supervision (ISP), which is accurate?
Some research suggests that IPS programs do not save money.
151
Though intensive probation supervision (IPS) programs are not defined the same from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, they all:
have very strict terms of probation.
152
Highway trash pick-up, landscaping work and serving in animal and homeless shelters are examples of:
Community Service
153
What type of sanction is best characterized by an offender engaging in hard labor and physical training in a highly structured and regimented environment that resembles a boot camp?
Shock Incarceration
154
Offenders serving time on house arrest:
must have absences or time away from home (pre)approved from their probation or parole officer.
155
Though recent years have shown a decline, ________________ is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States.
Probation
156
______________________ model of imprisonment, popular during the Penitentiary Prison Era, is characterized by prisoners spending majority of their time in solitary confinement, working in silence with no contact with other prisoners.
The Pennsylvania
157
__________________ model of imprisonment, popular during the Mass (Congregate) Prison Era, is characterized by prisoners working and eating during the day time in silence among other prisoners. Prisoners spent their evenings in solitary confinement and followed a lock-step system of order. Prisoners who did not follow orders were whipped
The Auburn
158
Proponents of the ________________ model of imprisonment believed that inmates could be reformed or rehabilitated through vocational and educational training. Arguably, this model failed as it was believed to focus more on the use of corporal punishment than education to reform inmates.
Reformatory
159
Which of the following statements is most characteristic of what we know about children and/or family backgrounds of female inmates?
Majority of women entering prison are mothers and have primary custody of their children.
160
Corrections eras that fell between 1980 and 2010, embodied _________________________ philosophies of punishment.
incapacitation, retribution and deterrence
161
When looking at the population of most American jails, majority of inmates:
are male
162
States and the Federal government turned to the use of private correctional facilities:
to alleviate overcrowding in and lower operating costs of their (state and Federal governments) facilities.
163
Arguably, direct supervision jails:
eliminate barriers between staff and inmates to increase interactions between staff and inmates, as well as allow for more staff control.
164
The Pink Panther is a Federal prison inmate, convicted of conducting serious terroristic acts against the United States. The Pink Panther is likely incarcerated in:
an Administrative Maximum (ADMAX) Facility.
165
Garfield has been sentenced by a criminal court in Minnesota to spend time in a state correctional facility. The state is reviewing Garfield's background information to determine what facility he should go to. Garfield is undergoing:
initial custody classification.
166
In many states, prisoners on death row that are under the jurisdiction of state level correctional authorities are incarcerated in:
A maximum security prison
167
Values and behavioral patterns characteristic of prison inmates is best described as
the Prison Subculture
168
The ____________________ model suggests that prison subcultures are the result of inmates coping with the pains of imprisonment or loss of liberty, autonomy, goods and services, relationships and personal security.
Depravation
169
Kermit the Frog is a prisoner who is serving time at the Utah State Correctional Facility. Kermit participates in different programming like GED classes, counseling and vocational training at the prison. Kermit is liked by most of the prison staff, but not by many of the other inmates. Per Criminologist (researcher) John Irwin's inmate typology, Kermit is likely:
An opportunist
170
Which of the following statements is particularly characteristic of or true for many female prison inmates?
Many female prison inmates have experienced physical or sexual abuse as children and/or adults.
171
Which of the following is not a cause or contributing factor to growth in aging (geriatric) prison inmate populations?
Increase in use of alternative sentencing practices.
172
Arguably, the main (overarching) focus of many correctional institutions in the United States is:
security and custody of inmates
173
Overcrowding in correctional facilities is not measured by:
time spent solely in visitation
174
Miss Piggy is conducting an audit of overcrowding conditions in California prisons. To measure overcrowding in California prisons, Miss Piggy is focused on prison capacity. More specifically, Miss Piggy is measuring prison capacity by the inmate population that each institution was originally built to handle.
What type of prison capacity is Miss Piggy using to measure overcrowding in California prisons?
Design Capacity
175
Prison classification systems:
arguably, are a critical tool for minimizing security concerns or risks (i.e., escape and violence) within prisons.
176
Today, ______________ are used to operate community-based programming, to hold mentally ill offenders awaiting transfer to a more appropriate facility and for pretrial detention processes.
Jails
177
Which of the following is not a finding from research on violence, sexual violence and sexual victimization in prisons?
Sexually aggressive inmates in prison often identify and consider themselves to be homosexual.
178
What process occurs when newly institutionalized offenders come to accept prison lifestyles and criminal values?
Prisonization
179
Of the following, which statement regarding mentally ill inmates is true?
Mentally ill inmates can be required to take antipsychotic drugs against their will.
180
Challenges to prison conditions by inmates, which are brought under the Eighth Amendment, must show ________ by the officials responsible for the conditions.
Deliberate Indifference
181
Prisons, mental hospitals, and seminaries are all examples of __________, which are enclosed facilities separated from society - socially and physically - where the inhabitants share aspects of their daily lives,
Total Institutions
182
________ incapacitation is a strategy that focuses on identifying the most dangerous criminals and sending them to prison as a way of protecting society.
Selective
183
During the ________ era, large numbers of offenders were incarcerated in an attempt to protect society and prevent crime, but rehabilitation was essentially abandoned.
warehousing
184
________ involves the construction, staffing, and operation of prisons by private companies for profit.
Privatization
185
Most people processed through American jails are ________.
People of Color
186
The typical American prison today ________.
is a minimum or medium custody facility..
187
The United States Supreme Court has ruled that overcrowding in prisons ____________ cruel and unusual punishment.
by itself is not
188
The number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based on management considerations, staffing, programs and services is:
operational capacity
189
In the federal prison system, federal correctional institutions (FCIs) are:
Medium-and low-security prison facilities.
190
Originally, the purpose of jails:
was to hold arrested suspects who are awaiting trial.
191
Jails that are built and run using the combined resources of a variety of local jurisdictions are called:
Regional Jails
192
Regional jails have become popular as:
they are more economical
193
________ among female inmates is very high.
Substance Abuse
194
Some research suggests that often, sexual aggressors in prison continue to participate in gang rapes because:
they want to prevent becoming victims themselves.
195
One of the leading formative influences on the staff culture of corrections officers is the:
potential threat that inmates pose.
196
___________ are kinship networks in women's prisons that are believed to develop in response to the loss of affectional relationships.
Psuedofamilies
