Civil Society

Question 1

Evolution of corporations as citizens

Answer 1

Philanthropy to aligned philanthropy to sustainability

Question 2

Austria

Answer 2

In some civil law jurisdictions in the West, stakeholder theory has a prominent role and in some, it is part of national law.

Question 3

Stakeholder groups

Answer 3

Customers, competitors, creditors, distributors, employees (and their families), government agencies, media, communities, civil society orgs, shareholders

Question 4

Evolution of Advocacy

Answer 4

-From external critic to potential partner

• from uninformed outsiders criticizing corporations based on ethical arguments to ‘inside’ speaking the language of business

Question 5

Types, tactics, and targets

Answer 5

Environmental space evolution was slow

IUCN was founded in 1948, WWF in 1961, EDF in 1967, NRDC in 1970, Greenpeace in 1971

Followed by a proliferation of environmental organizations. IUCN has 1300 member organizations, 90 state members, and some 130 government agencies

No agreed taxonomy of civil society organizations but from practitioner point of view:
- business origin (WBCSD)
- campaigning/activist (Greenpeace)
- partner with business (EDF)
- do project work on the ground (WCS)
- mixed approach (WWF)