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History > Civil Rights in the USA, 1945 - 1974 > Flashcards

Civil Rights in the USA, 1945 - 1974 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sit ins date

A

February 1960

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2
Q

Sit ins events

A

Four African American students in college sat in a white-only lunch counter in a department store. Continued every day and were joined by 300 on February 4th. Spread across the whole of the South and some northern states.

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3
Q

Sit ins significance

A

Successfully desegregated some facilities, attracted huge publicity, start of student protest, publicity of abuse of partakers.

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4
Q

Freedom riders date and cause

A

Summer 1961, aiming to provoke a violent reaction for publicity to force the federal government to act against segregation on buses.

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5
Q

Freedom riders events

A

When first bus arrived at the station they were attacked by a mob led by the KKK leader. Freedom riders were arrested for ‘starting a riot’. Federal government threatened to send US marshals and states began to integrate bus facilities.

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6
Q

Freedom riders significance

A

Successfully used publicity to force the federal government to act and began to integrate bus facilities.

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7
Q

Anniston fire bombing date

A

May 14th 1961

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8
Q

Anniston fire bombing events

A

Angry crowds of KKK members met freedom riders and a fire bomb was thrown into the bus while the doors were held shut and the bus filled with smoke, but highway patrolmen prevented more attacks.

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9
Q

NAACP

A

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

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10
Q

CORE

A

Congress of Racial Equality.

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11
Q

SCLC

A

Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

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12
Q

SNCC (1960)

A

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.

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13
Q

Impact of CORE, SCLC, SNCC during 1960-62 protest movements

A

Helped train students to protest effectively and arranged boycotts.

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14
Q

James Meredith causes and date

A

In 1962, African American James Meredith applied for a place at Mississippi University but was rejected.

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15
Q

James Meredith case events

A

NAACP helped him take his case to court and the Supreme Court ordered the university to allow him but he was again rejected. Mississippi government claimed that he had committed a felony and could not be accepted, but President Kennedy intervened and sent hundreds of officials to escort Meredith.

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16
Q

James Meredith case significance

A

Forced the president to act upon Supreme Court rulings. African American students were rarely prevented from attending universities.

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17
Q

MLK background

A

Worked on Montgomery bus boycott, Baptist minister and leader of SCLC.

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18
Q

MLK views and methods of winning support

A

Non-violence combined with direct action of boycotts and marches, gave significant speeches, constantly showed respect to the constitution and US government.

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19
Q

Date of Birmingham protest, Alabama

A

3rd-13th of April 1963.

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20
Q

Birmingham aim

A

To challenge continued segregation in Birmingham by attracting media attention and federal government intervention.

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21
Q

Birmingham methods of protest

A

Boycotts of segregated stores, marches, media attention and publicity, ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ letter by MLK in response to white leaders.

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22
Q

Federal involvement in Birmingham

A

President Kennedy sent mediators to help reach an agreement and spoke nationally in favor of civil rights.

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23
Q

Significance of Birmingham protest

A

Desegregation and employment in stores, some riots after including bombing of Black Americans’ houses, 50 other cities desegregated to avoid similar campaigns, contributed to JFK supporting civil rights bill.

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24
Q

March on Washington and MLK’s dream speech date

A

28th August 1963.

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25
March on Washington aim
To raise awareness and support for the need of freedom and equality for Black Americans and to put pressure on Congress to pass the Civil Rights Bill.
26
March on Washington methods of protest
Marched through central parts of Washington, variety of speeches given, televised live worldwide.
27
Federal intervention of March on Washington
Some government authorization of the speech and marches.
28
Significance of the March on Washington
Inspirational publicity, showed the huge amount of people supporting civil rights, civil rights bill still held up in Congress so did not directly bring up freedom and jobs, MLK won the Nobel Peace Prize the following year.
29
Mississippi Freedom Summer 1964 causes and events
Mississippi had the lowest percent (7%) of voting Black Americans and civil rights groups wanted to improve this. SNCC recruited volunteers from the north. Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party set up to challenge the all-white democrats. Received resistance from the KKK.
30
Mississippi Freedom Summer 1964 significance and impact
MFDP set up, 30 freedom schools, publicity and support for civil rights, only 1,500 more African Americans registered to vote, many Black Americans were scared by violence.
31
Selma protest 1965 causes and events
Due to low numbers of registered Black American voters, initially protests and attempts to register, lack of success led to SCLC to change tactics, 7th March protest left from Selma to Montgomery, resistance from police with tear gas and weapons (Bloody Sunday).
32
Federal intervention due to Selma march 1965
President persuaded Congress to support a voting rights bill and it was passed in August.
33
Selma protest impact and significance
Congress passed Voting Rights Act, publicity of attacks, many protestors questioned previous non-violent protest.
34
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public places, education, businesses, and voting tests.
35
Civil Rights Act of 1964 causes
Protests, desire in Congress to do the right thing, JFK's death used to push Congress, emergence of more radical civil rights protests.
36
Voting Rights Act of 1965
A policy designed to reduce the barriers to voting for those suffering discrimination with fair tests for voting registration.
37
Voting Rights Act of 1965 causes
Selma protest, president persuading Congress, president's effective political dealings.
38
Impact of Voting Rights Act 1965
More Black Americans being able to vote meant that they began to elect representatives from their own communities in politics, voting never significantly increased.
39
The Nation of Islam
A religious group, founded by Elijah Muhammad to promote black supremacy because white people were the devil and were pro-segregation for the self-respect of Black Americans.
40
Malcolm X background
Previously a minister for the 'Nation of Islam' traveling across the country trying to convert people.
41
Malcolm X views
Critical of leaders like MLK during civil rights movement, approached violence as a necessity against white people if needed, black supremacy and independence.
42
Black power causes
Belief of black self-respect, felt a more radical approach was necessary, publicity for 1968 Olympics, Stokely Carmichael first adopting the phrase 'black power.'
43
Impact of black power
Attracted young African American citizens, white people no longer welcome as members of SNCC, inspired projects for better living conditions, terrified many white Americans, worried moderate civil rights supporters.
44
Stokely Carmichael
First adopted the phrase 'black power' in 1966 during the 'march against fear' because he was frustrated by slow progress of civil rights movement, became a campaigner for the SNCC and led from 1966.
45
1968 Olympics in Mexico City
Black Olympian athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos protesting during the US national anthem with the black power salute to draw attention to the black power movement on live TV.
46
Impact of 1968 Olympic protest
Tommie Smith and John Carlos banned from future Olympics and received a lot of abuse, inspired many young Americans to join black power groups, worldwide attention for black power.
47
Black Panthers principles
Small but powerful black power group, wore black berets and often carried guns, were willing to work with white Americans who shared their beliefs, often followed around police officers to prevent abuse, organized to improve ghetto living conditions, main source of income was fundraising.
48
Black Panthers demands
10 point plan: freedom, full employment, end of robbery of black community, decent housing, good education, end of police brutality, etc.
49
Impact of Black Panthers
Government saw them as a great threat, watched by the FBI, violence attracted negative publicity.
50
Race riot causes
Radical injustice in America, poor living conditions, failure of police and authorities, unfair treatment and violence.
51
Race riots stats
Between 1964-68 there were 330 major riots in 257 cities and over 200 people killed as well as many injured and billions of dollars of damage.
52
Race riots in Watts district LA August 1965
Sparked by Marquette Fry resisting arrest and rumor spreading that officer attacked his mother and pregnant girlfriend. After 6 days 34 people were shot and over 1000 injured and 4000 arrested as well as damage.
53
Impact of race riots
Riots lost sympathy of some white supporters and increased fear, federal government gave money to improve ghetto conditions, broadening civil rights campaign and reducing focus on the South.
54
Reasons for growth in protest movement
Television media coverage spreading awareness, civil rights protests attracting young people, the emergence of rebellious teenagers, young protest groups forming.
55
Students movements against Vietnam war reasoning
Against involvement in the war, rising number of deaths and injuries, didn't want to support South Korea corruption, young soldiers were drafted to fight.
56
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) movement
Aimed to campaign against racial injustice and violation of human rights in universities and 150 colleges had SDS groups by the end of the 1960s.
57
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) methods
Took part in sit-ins and freedom rides and organized their own sit-ins and rallies.
58
Berkeley Free Speech Movement (FSM) aims
Aimed to fight racial discrimination on campus then for the right to hold protest.
59
Berkeley FSM members and leaders
Led by Mario Savio and Jack Weinberg and had 14,000 members.
60
Berkeley FSM methods
Organized protest against racial discrimination but university administration banned student protest so students protested and negotiated to win their 'right' of free speech.
61
Student hippies movement
Small group of young people that didn't like traditional religious values or current society and focused on environmental issues, civil rights, freedom of expression while traveling in vans or buses experimenting with sex, drugs, and unusual clothes.
62
Impact of students movements
Inspired many young people to speak out, appalled some citizens, spread awareness for the causes.
63
Women's movement specific issues
Abortion, equal rights, equal payment, domestic abuse.
64
Women's movement societal cause of change
Gadgets value increased so more necessity for another wage earner, contraceptive pill was hard to buy but gave women control over their lives.
65
Eleanor Roosevelt impact of women's movement
Investigated women's experience in the workplace, December 1961 highlighted the gender pay gap, presidents commission on the status of women, first American ambassador in the UN.
66
Betty Friedan impact on women's movement
Wrote the 'Feminine Mystique' 1963 after finding her friends were unhappy with their lives, founder of 'National Organization for Women' (NOW).
67
NOW (National Organization for Women) impact on women's movement
Founded June 1966, organized rallies and legal battles, pro-abortion, won $30 million due to unequal pay gap, 1970 organized strike for women's equality, funded lawsuits.
68
NOW, Bill of Rights (1968) main points
Pass the ERA – Guarantee equal rights for women in the Constitution. Enforce TCRA 1964 – Stop job discrimination based on sex. Maternity Leave – Provide paid leave and job protection for mothers. Childcare – Ensure access to affordable, quality childcare. Equal Education – Give women equal access to school and job training. Reproductive Rights – Legalize abortion and ensure birth control access.
69
Women's liberation movement impact on women's movement
Organized a protest against 'Miss America' by crowning a sheep, held boards, sit-ins and leaflets, more accepting of radical ideas and LGBTQ+ community, gained negative publicity so tried other methods like discussion groups, by 1974 also helped women with abuse.
70
Impact of the women's movement CHANGE
1972 Educational Amendment Act (sexual discrimination in education illegal), 1973 Roe v. Wade (unconstitutional to deny abortion), 1974 Equal Credit Opportunity Act (illegal to refuse credit), increased women in work and voting.
71
Impact of women's movement NO CHANGE
Societal structures not fully changed, gender pay gaps still prominent, increased women in workforce was more of an economic necessity than freedom.
72
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Constitutional amendment passed by Congress but NOT passed through state.
73
Opposition to women's movement reasoning
Some objected to untraditional gender roles, media coverage was often poor, opposition to abortion, Schlafly linked ERA to communism.
74
Opposition to women's movement methods
Lobbying politicians, speeches, STOP ERA group.
75
Phyllis Schlafly methods
Defeated equal rights for women by linking ERA to Roe v. Wade and population shrinkage, also tied her opposition to ERA to anti-communism and making women slaves of the government, said women could be conscripted into the military.
76
Who was Alger Hiss?
A U.S. government official accused of being a Soviet spy; convicted of perjury in 1950.
77
What was the Rosenberg case?
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed in 1953 for passing atomic secrets to the USSR.
78
What did HUAC do?
The House Un-American Activities Committee investigated suspected communists, especially in Hollywood.
79
Who were the Hollywood Ten?
Ten film industry workers jailed in 1947 for refusing to testify before HUAC; they were later blacklisted.
80
What role did the FBI play in the Red Scare?
Led by J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI conducted surveillance, wiretaps, and background checks on suspected communists.
81
What methods did McCarthy use?
Made unsupported accusations, bullied witnesses, and used media to spread fear of communism.
82
What were McCarthy's successes?
Gained public support, influenced anti-communist policy, and caused job losses and blacklisting.
83
Who opposed McCarthy?
Journalists, lawyers, civil rights groups, and politicians criticized his methods and violation of civil liberties.
84
What caused McCarthy's downfall?
Televised Army-McCarthy hearings exposed his bullying; he was censured by the Senate in 1954.
85
What was the impact of McCarthyism?
Created fear, suppressed dissent, violated rights, and damaged democratic values in the U.S.

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