Civil Rights

Question 1

Harriet Tubman

Answer 1

Born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the Underground Railroad, She led more than seventy people to freedom in the North and served in the Union during the Civil War and championed women’s suffering

Question 2

Abolitionist

Answer 2

A supporter especially in the early 19th century of ending the institution of slavery

Question 3

Civil Rights

Answer 3

The government protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments of individuals

Question 4

Equal Protection Clause

Answer 4

Section of the 14th amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the law”

Question 5

Frederick Douglass

Answer 5

A former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and suffragist

Question 6

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 6

Leading 19th Century feminist. suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Lucretia Matt organized the Seneca Falls convention. Stanton later founded the National Women Suffrage Association with Susan B Anthony

Question 7

Lucretia Mott

Answer 7

Leading 19th century feminist suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized the Seneca Falls Convention

Question 8

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 8

The first major feminist meeting, held in New York State in 1848 which produced the historic “Deceleration of Sentiments” calling for equal rights for women.

Question 9

Dred Scott v Sandford

Answer 9

A Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans. Dred Scott heightened tensions between the pro-slavery South and the abolitionist North in the run up to the Civil War.

Question 10

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 10

President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1, 1863, in the third year of the Civil War. It freed all slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the United States

Question 11

13th Amendment

Answer 11

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specially bans slavery in the United States

Question 12

14th Amendment

Answer 12

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S Citizens

Question 13

15th Amendment

Answer 13

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves

Question 14

Susan B Anthony

Answer 14

19th century feminist, suffragist., and founder of the National Women Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Anthony later formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association, which along with the National Women’s Party helped to ensure ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

Question 15

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Answer 15

Passed by congress to enforce the 14th Amendment guarantees of equal protection to African Americans. Granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions

Question 16

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 16

Laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public schools, theaters, hotels and other public accommodations

Question 17

Poll Taxes

Answer 17

Taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot

Question 18

Grandfather Clasuse

Answer 18

Voter qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those citizens whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test

Question 19

Progressive Era

Answer 19

A period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the United States

Question 20

Plessy v Ferguson

Answer 20

Supreme Court case that challenged a Louisiana statue requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites; the Court found that separate but equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment

Question 21

Separate-but-equal doctrine

Answer 21

The central tenet of the Plessy v Ferguson decision that claimed that separate accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the Constitution. The doctrine was used by southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the nineteenth century

Question 22

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Answer 22

An important rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation, racism, and voting rights violations targeted against African Americans

Question 23

National American Women Suffrage Association

Answer 23

Organization created by joining the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations

Question 24

Suffrage Movement

Answer 24

The drive for voting rights for women that took place in the United States in the 19th and early 20th century until ratification of the 19th amendment in 1920

Question 25

National Women's Party

Answer 25

A militant suffrage organization founded in the early 20th century. Members of the NWP were arrested, jailed, and even force-fed by authorities when they went on hunger strikes to secure voting rights for women

Question 26

19th Amendment

Answer 26

Amendment to the Constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote.

Question 27

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund

Answer 27

The legal arm of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case of Brown v Board of Education and a host of other key civil rights cases

Question 28

Thurgood Marshall

Answer 28

A leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the first head of the NAACP's Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Marshall was the first African American appointed to the Supreme Court and served on the Court from 1967 until 1991

Question 29

Harry S Truman

Answer 29

The 33rd president, a Democrat, who served form 1945 to 1953. Truman became president when Franklin D Roosevelt died in office; he led the United States through the end of World War ll and the start of the Cold War

Question 30

Brown v Board of Education

Answer 30

U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the 14th amendment's guarantees of equal protection of the law

Question 31

Dwight D Eisenhower

Answer 31

The 34th president, a Republican, who served from 1953 to 1961 Eisenhower commanded Allied Forces during World War ll

Question 32

Rosa Parks

Answer 32

A leading civil rights activist of the 20th century. Parks was most notably involved with the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Question 33

Martin Luther King Jr

Answer 33

A baptist minister, proponent of nonviolence, and most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968

Question 34

John F Kennedy

Answer 34

The 35th president, a Democrat, who served from 1961 to 1963 and marked a generational shift in U.S. politics at the height of the Cold War. He was assassinated November 22,1963

Question 35

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 35

Wide-ranging legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Question 36

National Organization for Women

Answer 36

The leading activist group of the women's right movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s

Question 37

Eleanor Roosevelt

Answer 37

First lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the U.S.'s first delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later chaired the UN's Commission on Human Rights

Question 38

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Answer 38

Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work

Question 39

Title IX

Answer 39

Provision of the Educational Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students

Question 40

Equal Rights Amendment

Answer 40

Proposed amendment to the Constitution that states "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex"

Question 41

League of United Latin American Citizens

Answer 41

An activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, Americans of Hispanic origins.

Question 42

Cesar Chavez

Answer 42

Labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the united Farm Workers Union in the 1960s.

Question 43

Dolores Huerta

Answer 43

Labor organizer who, with Cesar Chavez, founded the United Farm Worker Union in the 1960s

Question 44

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Funds

Answer 44

An organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic heritage

Question 45

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 45

A law passed by Congress in 1862 that prohibited all new immigration into the U.S. from China

Question 46

Korematsu v U.S.

Answer 46

A Supreme Court ruling that upheld the authority of the U.S. government to require mass internment of people of Japanese ancestry in the United States during World War ll

Question 47

LGBT Community

Answer 47

A minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people

Question 48

Lawrence v Texas

Answer 48

A 2003 Supreme Court ruling that anti-sodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy

Question 49

United States v Windsor

Answer 49

A Supreme Court ruling striking down the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, which prohibited federal recognition of same-sex marriage.

Question 50

Obergefell v Hodges

Answer 50

Supreme Court ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the constitution

Question 51

Americans with Disabilities Act

Answer 51

A law enacted by Congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities

Question 52

Standards of Review

Answer 52

The levels of deference the Court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. These standards stem from the Court's need to ensure that laws do not undermine the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause

Question 53

Suspect Classification

Answer 53

Category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court

Question 54

Strict Scrutiny

Answer 54

A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. Legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press as well as suspect classification are automatically accorded the level of review

Question 55

Affirmative Action

Answer 55

Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group.

Question 56

Intermediate Standard of Review

Answer 56

A standard of review in which the Court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective and are substantially related to serving the objective, Gender-related legislation automatically accorded this level of review.

Question 57

Rational Basis Standard of Review

Answer 57

A standard of review in which the Court determines whether any rational foundation for the discrimination exists. Legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity are generally given this level of review.