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history USA > Civil Rights 1954-75 > Flashcards

Civil Rights 1954-75 Flashcards

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1
Q

which side of america was the worst?

A

the south

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2
Q

examples of segregated facilities

A

cinemas
toilets
public transport
schools

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3
Q

situation with voting rights in the early 1950s

A

-gangs physically stopped blacks from voting
-some southern states, (ex. georgia, virginia) passed laws making it harder for blacks to vote. unfair literacy tests
-employers could sack blacks if they registered to vote

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4
Q

what was the grandfather clause

A

some southern states introduced this law where voters had to prove their 4fathers voted. impossible for descendants of slaves

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5
Q

when was NAACP set up and what did they do

A

-1909
-fought for C.R using legal and courts
-defended b people unfairly convicted
-focused on overturning ‘separate but equal’

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6
Q

when was CORE set up and what did they do

A

-1942
-smaller membership than NAACP
-trained locals non-violence
-mostly operated in the north
-most members were white and middle class

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7
Q

where would most black people live in the north

A

-didnt get paid enough and poor
-so they would live in ghettos

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8
Q

how was seg enforced in the south

A

jim crow laws
people could get arrested if they didnt follow
-southern states could enforce these laws as they had their own and separate from federal law

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9
Q

racist attitudes to blacks in deep south

A

-whites saw blacks as lazy criminal and stupid
-would not socialize with them
-police and judges were racist, imprisonment for no reason common

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10
Q

black people on juries

A

-not allowed
-if b person murdered no investigation often

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11
Q

black service in wars

A

reliance on black labour embarrassed the US during the cold war for claiming to be leader of the free world but treating blacks so bad

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12
Q

how many towns had b police in 1954

A

143

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13
Q

how many b registered to vote in 1956

A

20%, 17% + since ww2

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14
Q

what did brown v topeka argue

A

1954
-even with equal provisions and facilities, seg made b kids feel inferior
-so it broke the 14th amendment

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15
Q

when did brown v topeka win

A

17th may 1954, SCourt said school ruled Plessy unconstitutional and told to deseg

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16
Q

what happened in may 1955
brownn

A

-brown II ruled all skls should deseg, but still no deadline given

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17
Q

how many skl districts were deseg by 1957

A
  1. inspired deseg in other areas of life too
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18
Q

what happened on first day of little rock

A

-b students advised to skip first day as gov faubus ordered 250 state troops to block them, massive protests by the gate
-eliz eckford didnt get the message, showed up by herself, mob shouting ‘lynch her’, she fled

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19
Q

what happened on first day of little rock

A

-b students advised to skip first day as gov faubus ordered 250 state troops to block them, massive protests by the gate
-eliz eckford didnt get the message, showed up by herself, mob shouting ‘lynch her’, she fled

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20
Q

what did gov faub do in response to fed involvement in lil 9

A

closed every skl in following year, forced to reopen them again in 1959

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21
Q

what loopholes did the states find for deseg

A

-only deseg on skl year at a time
-only take few b students
-only deseg few skls in area, rest seg

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22
Q

what caused the mont bus boycott

A

1 dec 1955, rosa parks refused to give up her seat to a white and was arrested

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23
Q

what was the WPC

A

womens political council

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24
Q

how many stopped using the bus during the duration of the boycott
how long was the boycott

A

90% of b people who used bus stopped for 381 days of protest

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25
what was the MIA and what did they do
-montg improvement association -set up to improve b lives -set up a carpool system to give rides to b, used publicity to gain support, 300+ cars
26
what happened at the end of bus boycott
MLK had to pay fine of $500 NAACP went to SC with browder v gayle saying bus seg broke 14th amendment -after two appeals SC desegregated buses in montgomery
27
what happened on 30th jan 1956
MLKs house got bombed
28
how many MIA members were put on trial
89
29
reasons for M bUS success
-peaceful -organised -kept people informed through church, media, leaflets -committed despite difficulties
30
significance of M bus boycott
-showed what nonviolent direct action could achieve -put MLK at the forefront of CR movement -inspired boycotts in other cities such as Tallahassee in Florida -put w violence in bad light
31
outcome of bus boycott
-no other deseg in other areas of mont -deseg buses were suspended at first bcs of the violence
32
what happened when CR bill was being passed
-dixiecrats tried to use filibuster to stop but it was signed anyway and anyone trying to violate voting rights would be persecuted -showed fed gov was supporting CR
33
when did eisenhower pass CR bill
1957
34
who were dixicrats
-main opposition in congress to cr -formed after pres truman tried to pass cr bill in military in 1948
35
kkk and christianity
-many southern church goers were part of the kkk -claimed bible supported segregation
36
what was the outcome of emmett till
-1955 -public outcry, esp from north where many were ignorant of black injustice in south -open casket funeral, widespread media coverage -defendants sold their story to a magazine admitting to the murder, they were paid $3500 -NAACP prod a leaflet called 'M is for Mississippi and Murder' for all b murders
37
how many members did wcc have
in mid 1950's around 60 000
38
when was the greensboro sit in and how many kids
1960 1st feb -4 student, grw to 300 in 3 days
39
outcome of greensboro
-woolworths in greensboro desegregated due to the loss in earning but others took until 1965
40
significance of greensboro sit ins
-media coverage -white and black supporters -spread quickly -young people -mass support -visible to public
41
how many people involved in gb sit ins by april 1960
50 000
42
when did the government enforce deseg on all public trans and bus station facilities
1956, all buses ordered to deseg but toilets and other stations still seg. dec 1960, facilities ordered to deseg
43
consequence of freedom rides
1st Nov -gov wanted an end to freedom rides and violence -threatened to use fed officers if states refused to deseg facilitites -southern states began to deseg, freedom rides no longer needed
44
how many freedom rides and arrests were there in total
60 fr's 300 arrests
45
injuries n shiz in meredith james quarrel consequences
2 civ deaths, 375 injuries, 28 feds shot -feds sent with meredith all year round to protect him
46
when was the campaign in birmingham + washington
1963
47
how many marched and arrests were there in birmingham march
-6000 marched -900 arrested
48
who were the sncc
student non-violent coordinating committee
49
how many blacks registered to vote betw 1962-64
700,000 , but still not enough compared to amount of black people living in the south
50
how many were able to vote
1600/17 000 were successful
51
kkk retaliation to freedom summer
-37 b churches burnt, 30 homes too -21st june 1964, mississippi murders: 3 killed (bbw), 4th aug- CORE found their body along with 8 other black bodies, incl 3 CORE workers
52
when was the mississippi murders
21st june 1964
53
by december 1965, nearly .... ....... new voters were registered however ...... ........
80 000 the process was very slow and led to frustration that gov wasn't doing enough
54
What did Kennedy do? Appointed black people to high-level jobs. For example, ....... ....... in the courts. Pressed for the Civil Rights Laws, but was ............ before it was passed.
thurgood marshall -assasinated
55
who introduced civil rights act
The Civil Rights Act was introduced by President Kennedy and passed by President Johnson on 2nd July 1964.
56
what did kennedy do?
Appointed black people to high-level jobs. For example, Thurgood Marshall in the courts. Pressed for the Civil Rights Laws, but was assassinated before it was passed. Reality Used executive orders to send federal troops to Ole’ Miss (University of Mississippi) to help James Meredith. Used personal pressure to get escorts for the Freedom Riders.
57
what did johnson do
Appointed black people to high level jobs. For example, Patricia Harris as US Ambassador. Passed the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Act. Used executive orders to federalise state troops to escort the Selma marchers to safety. Used personal pressure to get Southern politicians to support the Civil Rights bill through his good relations with the Dixiecrats.
58
At the same time, President Johnson was trying to gain support for the Voting Rights Act. On 7th March, protestors started to march from Selma to Montgomery but were ......... just outside Selma by state troopers who used ..... ..... and electric ...... ........
attacked tear gas electric cattle prods
59
selma was known as ..... ......
bloody sunday
60
The Selma to Montgomery March led to the ........... and the ..........
civil rights act 1964 voting rights act 1965
61
The ........... (NOI) is a religious and political movement in the USA founded in ........
nation of islam 1930
62
malcolm x Thanks to his actions, NOI membership rose from ....... members in 1952 to ......... in 1963.
-500 -30 000
63
what is malcolm x known for preaching
by any means necessary
64
when was m x assassinated
feb 1965
65
black power: was slogan used by radical groups who disagreed with..... they used militant....
non- violent direct action and were influenced by Malcolm X used militant language and tried to start a 'social revolution' to improve the lives of local poor black people in ghettos
66
what was the aim of black power
They aimed to: -Increase pride in black history and culture. -Make black people self-sufficient and not need help from white people. -Work against forced integration.
67
reasons for growth of black power movement
- civil rights progress was slow, civil Rights Act and voting Rights Act didn't really make a difference in the Deep South - many CR campaigners including MLK started to focus on other things after 1965 such as Viet War and poverty, people felt they abandoned CR campaign before real change - ghetto conditions were getting worse - youth appeal: sense of pride and anger abt violence - success in local issues, employment
68
when did black power start emerging
1963
69
significance of Stokely Carmichael
- set up a party LCFO that would campaign on issues that people cared about, no point fighting for voting if nobody for b people to vote for - chairman of SNCC 1966, moved away from non-violent - march against fear, mississippi, Car: militant speeches, MLK, non-violent -SNCC & CORE support of BP made them lose b&w supporters
70
what happened in the 1968 Mexico Olympics
-Smith, Carlos raised fist in support -criticised by media, death threats, suspended from team -inspired many youth to join BP movement
71
BLACK PANTHER set up in ..... by ..... and ..... originally called 'The BP party for ......' -believed b people needed ......... -prepared to work w/ w people w/ ..... ...... -had radical '.......' for trans. society, incl. end to capitalism, ............ -carried guns and tape recorders -set up ....... for poor b children, provided free ..... and medic services -set up safety patrols and tried to stop gang conflict
set up in 1968 by NEWTON and SEALE originally called 'The BP party for SELF DEFENSE' -believed b people needed B OFFICIALS & B POLICE, FULLY B COMMUNITIES -prepared to work w/ w people w/ SAME BELIEFS -had radical '10 POINT PLAN' for trans. society, incl. end to capitalism, health clinics, better housing, employment, education, and an end to police brutality. -carried guns and tape recorders -set up BREAKFAST CLUBS for poor b children, provided free SHOES and medic services
72
what were b panthers accused of
-stealing and extorting money form businesses to fund their program
73
What had Malcolm X increase NOI membership to by 1963?
30,000
74
desc the riots of 1965-67
-330 major riots in 250 cities betw/ 1964-1968, two weeks after the CR Act passed. -resulted in 200 deaths, 53,000 arrests. BEGAN in NYC '64, after b man shot by cop. -reaction to ghetto conditions and violence during freedom summer of '64 riots followed every year in summer months in diff cities
75
what did the kerner report 1968 state
- riots bcs of ghetto conditions & failure to respond to b complaints - b should be listened to and involved while solving the problems - change policing methods, b peeps don't trust police - policing during riots made things worse - money sent by feds to solve b problems just went towards more police training and weapons - media exaggerated riots
76
what happened to the relations between king and johnson around 1966
strained king publicly criticised usa's involvement in vietnam
77
what happened in 1969 what was he like
PRES NIXON - As vice president (1953–61), and in his presidential election campaign, he spoke up for civil rights. However, like earlier presidents, he was careful to balance the need for black votes against the need to keep the Southern vote – which was still largely against the enforcement of civil rights
78
in 1969, SNCC changed the N in its name from non-violent to ....
'national', losing most of their original members. the result of many b people becoming more militant and inc. conflict
79
what did nixon do at the beg. to help b people
- pressed for affirmative action - set up funding and training for b setting up businesses in b neighborhoods - gave tax breaks to yt businesses that set up branches in b neighborhoods - made sure there were more b officials in the yt house
80
Progress by 1975
In 1970, the Voting Rights Act was revised to ban state literacy tests. In 1975, it was revised to include Hispanic, American Indian and other races.

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