Civil Procedure Flashcards
Subject Matter Jurisdiction
Power of the court to decide this kind of case
Federal Courts: Limited SMJ
State Courts: Unlimited SMJ
Pleading SMJ
Must be affirmatively pleaded in every case
Waiver of SMJ
Lack of SMJ cannot be waived by failing to object or by affirmative consent
Objection to SMJ
Can be raised by any party at any time
Can be brought for the first time on appeal
Federal Question Jurisdiction
Exists for a claim arising under federal law
Well-Pleaded complaint
The face of the complaint must show that plaintiff’s claim is based on federal law.
Presence of a federal defense does not matter
Diversity Jurisdiction
Cases between citizens of different states, or citizens of a state and a foreign country, if the amount in controversy EXCEEDS $75,000, exclusive of interests and costs
EXCEPTIONS: Probate and domestic relations actions cannot be brought in federal court under diversity jurisdiction
Complete Diversity
Every citizenship represented on the plaintiff’s side of the case must be different than every citizenship on the defendant’s side
Minimal Diversity
Provided by a few statutes
Exists when any plaintiff is diverse from any defendant
Permitted in:
- Federal Interpleader Act
- Class Actions With Claims more than $500
- Interstate Mass Torts
Time for Determination of Diversity
Must exist when the complaint is filed
Individual Citizenship
Citizen of the state or country of domicile
Domicile is permanent residence.
Can have only one domicile at a time.
Residence + An intention to remain indefinitely
Citizenship of Aliens
Diversity jurisdiction exists for controversies between a citizen of a state and a citizen of a foreign country
Citizenship of Representative Parties
Generally, the citizenship of the representative party controls
Except:
- Citizenship of decedent
- Citizenship of infant or incompetent person
Class Action Citizenship
Citizenship of the named (representative) parties counts
Class members not named may join without regard to citizenship
Citizenship of Corporations
Citizen of:
- The state, states, or countries in which it is incorporated; and
- The state or country of its principal place of business (“nerve center”)
Citizenship of Partnership and Unincorporated Associations
Citizen of every state of which its members are citizens
Applies to: unions, trade associations, partnerships, and limited partnership
Devices to Create or Destroy Diversity
Actions that create or defeat diversity are permitted as long as they are not fraudulent.
Moving: permitted as long as genuine
Assignment of Claim: permitted so long as the assignment is complete and real and not collusive
Amount in Controversey
Any good faith allegation will suffice. Case will only be dismissed for a failure to meet the AIC when it appears to a legal certainty that recovery in excess of $75,000 cannot be had
(Diversity Only)
Aggregation of Claims
Plaintiff can aggregate all his claims against the defendant to meet the AIC requirement.
Plaintiff can aggregate claims of multiple defendants if they are jointly liable, other wise plaintiff cannot add up his claims against multiple defendants.
Each plaintiff’s claims must meet the AIC requirement unless there is supplemental jurisdicition
Supplemental Jurisdiction
Allows a federal court with subject matter jurisdiction over a case to hear additional claims over which the court would not independently have jurisdiction if ALL the claims constitute the same case or controversy (common nucleus of operative fact)
If one plaintiff has a claim exceeding $75,00, the claims of additional plaintiffs can be heard regardless of the amount if all the claims:
- Arise out of the same transaction or occurrence; and
- Complete diversity is maintained
Diversity and Counterclaims
Compulsory counterclaims do not have to meet the jurisdictional minimum of $75,000 (arise out of the same transaction or occurrence as the main claim)
Permissive counterclaims do
Supplemental Cross Claims
Claim by plaintiff against another plaintiff, or by a defendant against a co-defendant
Cross-claim and main claim must share a common nucleus of operative fact
Multiple Plaintiffs/Permissive Joinder/ Class Action
If the claim of one diverse plaintiff against Defendant A satisfies the jurisdictional amount, other diverse plaintiffs who have related claims against Defendant A sharing a common nucleus of operative fact can also be heard even if their claims do not satisfy the jurisdictional minimum
Supplemental Jurisdiction NOT Permitted
These additional claims/parties can be brought into a diversity action only if the additional claims maintain complete diversity and exceed $75,000:
- Claims by plaintiffs against impleaded under Rule 14;
- Claims by plaintiffs against additional defendants joined as necessary parties under Rules 19 and 20;
- Claims by plaintiff intervenors under Rule 24;
- Claims by plaintiffs joined involuntarily under Rule 19
Removal Terminology
Removal moves a case from state court to federal court
Transfer moves case from one federal court to another federal court
No procedure for removal of a case from federal court to state court
Removal Jurisdiction
Removal is proper only if the case could have been brought originally in federal court.
Only defendants may remove.
ALL defendants must consent to removal.
Case had to have come within original jurisdiction of the federal court
Removal: Federal Question
Well-pleaded complain rule
If the well-pleaded complaint discloses that the plaintiff’s claim is based on federal law, then the defendant ay remove to federal court
Removal: Diversity
Removal based on diversity jurisdiction is only proper if:
- There is complete diversity;
- The amount in controversy exceeds $75,000; and
- The action is brought in a state of which no defendant is a citizen.
Must remove within one-year of the commencement of the action in state court, unless the plaintiff has acted in bad faith to try to make the case non-removable
Removal Procedures
A notice of removal is filed in the federal court, copy to the state court
When the removal notice is filed, the case is removed automatically; the state court’s jurisdiction ceases
Improper Removal
Plaintiff can file a petition for remand
Federal court holds hearing to determine whether removal is proper.
- If proper, remand denied
- If improper, remand is granted
Personal Jurisdiction
Concerns the power of the court to adjudicate the rights and liabilities of this defendant
Types of Personal Jurisdiction
In personam: against the person
In rem: against the thing
Quasi in rem: “sort of” against the thing
Constitutional Aspect of Personal Jurisdiction
Due process requires minimum contacts between the defendant and the forum state such that it is consistent with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice to sue the defendants here.
Look for purposeful availment by the defendant of the protections of the forum’s law
Waiver of Personal Jurisdiction
Can be waived by substantial participation on the merits before raising the objection.
Federal rules: defect must be raised at first opportunity or it is waived
In Personam Federal Exeptions
Federal Interpleader Act
Bulge Provision
Bulge Provision
Allows service anywhere within 100 miles of the federal courthouse, even if in another state.
Two situations:
- impleading third-party defendants under Rule 14; and
- joining necessary parties under Rule 19
General In Personam Jurisdiction
The defendant can be sued on any claim whatsoever, even if it is unrelated to the defendant’s contacts with the forum state
Bases for General In Personam Jurisdiction
- Physical Presence
- Domicile
- Consent
Specific In Personam Jurisdiction
Determined by a state’s long-arm statute
Only applies when the dispute arises out of that contact with the forum
Common Bases for Specific In Personam Jurisdiction
- Any act or omission in the state causing injury to a person or property here or elsewhere
- Any act or omission outside the state causing injury to a person or property here, provided that the defendant conducted activities here or introduced goes into the flow of commerce
- An claim arising out of a contract to perform services in the state or to pay someone in the state to perform services elsewhere, or out of the actual performance
- Any claim arising out of a contract to ship goods to or from the state, or arising out of the shipment of such goods
- Any claim regarding local property
- Any action against a director or officer of a domestic corporation
- Any contract of insurance where the plaintiff is a resident of the state where the claim arose
In Rem Jurisdiction
Suit against any kind of property, real or personal, so long as the property is located in that state
Notice and Service of Process: General
Service of a summons on the defendant while the defendant is in the jurisdiction
Establishes the physical presence of the defendant in the jurisdiction and gives the defendant notice of the action
Federal Rules for Service of Process on an Individual
- Personal Delivery
- Leaving the summons at the defendant’s dwelling or usual place of abode with a person of suitable age and discretion
- Delivery of the summons to an authorized agent
Persons in foreign countries: registered mail, return receipt requested
Special Rules for Service of Process
Infant: on infant and parent/guardian
Adjudicated Incompetent: on incompetent and guardian
Partnership: on general partner, attorney in fact, or authorized agent
Corporation: on officer, director, managing agent, or an agent appointed for receiving service of process
Non-resident motorists: on state official who forwards a copy to the out-of-state defendant
Service of Process for In Rem and Quasi-in-Rem Actions
Must make a diligent effort to locate all claimants to the property and serve them personally
If the claimants cannot be located, then notice by publication is permitted
Venue
Asks where among the courts in this judicial system is the appropriate place to hear the case
Venue Waiver
Failure to make timely objection results in waiver.
Under federal law, claim of improper venue must be made at the first opportunity or it is waived
- pre-trial motion to dismiss; or
- the answer
Venue General Rule
Federal venue is proper in a district:
- Where any defendant resides, if ALL defendants reside in the same state; or
- Where the claim arose
If neither of the above, any district where the defendant has been served
Where does a defendant reside?
(Venue purposes)
For individuals, residence means domicile
For business entities, resides in every district in which personal jurisdiction exists
Venue Special Provisions
For a case begun in state court and removed to federal court, venue is automatically proper in the federal district where the state court sits, even if that district would not have been proper originally
Transfer
Generally, transfer is only to a district with proper venue, unless all parties agree otherwise.
A case brought in a district with proper venue may be transferred for convenience to another district with proper venue
A case brought in a district without proper venue may be transferred to a district with proper venue or dismissed by the court
Transfer Choice of Words
If suit was brought in a district with proper venue and the case is transferred to another district, the law of the transferor forum controls.
If suit was brought in a district without proper venue and transferred to another district, the law of the transferree court controls
The Erie Doctrine
In a diversity case, a federal court applies state substantive law.
State Substantive Law
Includes
- Substantive rules on what must be proved to win a case and what defenses may be asserted
- Statute of limitations on state causes of actions
- The Burdens of Proof of state claims or defenses; and
- State Rules on choice of law
Federal Procedures
The FRCP always apply in federal court.
No Federal Statute or Rule on Point
Consult twin aims of Erie:
- To avoid forum shopping; and
- To avoid inequitable administration of justice
- If choice of procedure would be outcome determinative, federal court should apply state law to prevent forum shopping
- The role of the jury in federal court is entirely controlled by federal law
Federal Common Law
Overrides any inconsistent state or local law/rule
Made only when important federal interest not covered by a statute is encountered
e.g. state boundary disputes and claim preclusion
Determining Applicable State Law
Follow precedent from the highest state court
If no precedent, try to predict how the highest state court would rule
Give respectful attention to the decision of the lower state courts (not binding)
Commencement of Proceedings
Federal civil action: Begun by filing a complaint with the court clerk
For diversity actions, state law controls when action begins
Types of Pleadings
- Complaint
- Answer
- Reply
Complaint
Used to state a claim for relief
Answer
Filed by the opposing party in response to the complaint
May contain responses to the allegations of the complaint, affirmative defenses, and counterclaims
Reply
Used by the plaintiff to answer a counterclaim
Claim for Relief
Recovery is not limited by the claim for relief as stated in the complaint, except for default judgments
Special Rule for Torts and Punitive Damages: If suing for punitive damages in excess of $10,000, must state “suing for tort or punitive damages in excess of $10,000”
Notice Pleading
A pleading need only detail the facts of the plaintiff’s case or spell out the legal theory
All that is required is a short and plain statement of the claim
Must give fair notice of the pleader’s claim
Recent decisions require only that the allegation in the complaint state a plausible case for recovery
Special Pleading
Alleged with particularity/specificity
- Fraud or mistake
- Special Damages
Motion to Dismiss
- Lack of SMJ
- Lack of PJ
- Improper Venue
- Failure to State a Claim Upon Which Relief Can Be Granted
- Failure to Join a Necessary Party
- Forum Non Conveniens
Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings
Applies when the pleadings agree on all the facts and only the law is in dispute
Any factual dispute, case for summary judgment
Motion for a More Definite Statement
Asks that a pleading be made more specific
Judges usually disfavor this motion
Motion to Strike
Can be used to delete from a pleading scandalous or prejudicial matters that are not relevant to the case at hand
Also used by the plaintiff to strike a legally invalid defense
Responses in an Answer
Failure to respond is an admission
Unless cured by amendment, the admission is binding in the action
Affirmative Defenses
Defenses which require notice
Common affirmative defenses:
- Assumption of Risk
- Contributory Negligence
- Duress
- Fraud
- Statute of Limitations
Answer Timing
Must ordinarily be served within 21 days of service of the pleading to which it responds
Amendments to Pleadings
As of Right: Once at any time within 21 days of service of pleading or within 21 days of defendant’s response, if there is one
By Leave of Court: After the party has amended once, leave to amend must be sought from the court. Should be freely granted
Statute of Limitations and the Doctrine of Relation Back
In some circumstances, an amendment is deemed to relate back to the date the original pleading was filed
If the SOL has run, an amendment relates back to the date of the original IF it concerns the same conduct, transaction, or occurrence
Key here is notice (can’t have the effect of “surprising” the other party)
Amendment to Add or Change a Party
Must:
- Concern the same conduct, transaction, or occurrence as the original pleading; and
- The party to be added must have known or had reason to know that the action should have been brought against that party but for the mistake.
Certification of Pleadings
Verification: most pleadings are NOT verified (not sworn to), nor do they have to be
Certification: Pleadings and all other documents - including all kinds and discovery requests - must be signed by the attorney of record
Signature by Attorney of Record
Certifies that:
- There is an appropriate legal and factual basis for filing:
- Attorney certifies that to the best of her knowledge after reasonable inquiry there is no improper purpose
- The legal contentions are warranted by existing law or by a non-frivolous argument for a change in the law; and
- The factual allegations have evidentiary support or are likely to have such support after discovery
Permissive Joinder of Parties
Joinder by plaintiffs
- Any number of plaintiffs may join if they assert claims arising out of the same transaction or occurrence AND there is a common question of law or fact
- Any number of defendants may be joined in the same action if the claims against them arise out of the same transaction or occurrence and there is a common question of law or fact
**In diversity cases, no party can be joined, either as a plaintiff or a defendant, whose presence would defeat complete diversity
Compulsory Joinder of Parties
Joinder by Defendants
Necessary party: a person whose participation in the lawsuit is necessary for a just adjudication
MUST be joined if feasible
Feasible if: 1) it would not deprive the court of SMJ and 2) the court can assert personal jurisdiction
If a necessary party cannot be joined, the court decides whether to continue without the necessary party or dismiss the suit.
Intervention
When an outsider voluntarily enters a lawsuit
Intervention as of right: may be had when the outsider claims an interest in the subject matter of the lawsuit that, as a practical matter, may be compromised by the disposition of the pending action.
Permissive intervention: may be allowed whenever there is a common question of law or fact between the intervenor’s claim and the main claim
Interpleader: General
Used to solve the problem of competing claims to the same property
Stake: property at issue
Stakeholder: person holding the property
Claimants: persons claiming the property
Rule Interpleader
Authorized by Rule 22
Remedy available in a lawsuit otherwise within the court’s jurisdiction
Statutory Interpleader
Federal Interpleader act
- Need only exceed $500
- Nationwide service or process
- Venue proper in any district where any claimant resides
- SMJ based on minimal diversity
Joinder of Claims
All claims may be joined as between the same plaintiff and the same defendant
Diversity: plaintiff can add up all claims agains the same defendant to exceed the jurisdictional minimum
Federal Question: If diversity is lacking for additional state-law claims, additional state law claims can be joined only if they are covered by supplemental jurisdiction
Compulsory Counterclaims
Compulsory if it arises out of the same transaction or occurrence
Lost if not pleaded
Covered by supplemental jurisdictions
SOL: filing of the original complaint tolls the SOL for the original claim and any compulsory counterclaims
Permissive Counterclaims
Counterclaims that do not arise out of the same transaction or occurrence
Requires an independent jurisdictional base
May be pleaded now or later
SOL: permissive counterclaim must be timely as of the date it is filed or it’s time-barred
Cross-Claims
Claim asserted agains a co-party
Must arise out of the same transaction or occurrence
Never compulsary
Impleader
Device by which the defendant brings into the suit someone who is or may be liable to the defendant for all or part of the plaintiff’s claim against him
Impleaded party: Third-party defendant
Original defendant: both a defendant and a third-party plaintiff
Impleader comes within court’s supplemental jurisdiction
- citizenship does not matter
- amount of claim does not matter
- extends to claims by the defendant against a third-party defendant
Supplemental jurisdiction does NOT extend to claims by the original plaintiff against the impleaded third-party defendant
Class Action Prerequisites
- Numerousness: too many parties to be joined conventionally
- Common questions of law or fact
- Typicality of claims by the class representatives
- Adequacy of representation
Class Action Dismissal or Compromise
Requires judicial approval
Class Action Diversity Jurisdiction
The named representatives must be completely diverse from the defendant’s and at least one plaintiff has a claim worth $75,000
Class Action Fairness Act
Allows very large class actions involving XXX members with more than $5 million at stake
Minimal diversity
Mandatory Disclosure Stages
- Initial Disclosures
- Disclosure of Expert Witnesses
- Pretrial Disclosures
Initial Disclosures
- Names and addresses of persons with potentially discoverable information
- Copies or descriptions of relevant documents or things
- Computation of damages claimed
- Applicable insurance agreement(s)
Disclosure of Expert Witnesses
- Names of expert witnesses who will be called at trial
- Qualifications, publications, opinions, information on which they will base their opinions, other cases in which they have testified, and compensation
Pretrial Disclosures
Thirty days before trial
- List of witnesses and exhibits
- Any objects must be made within 14 days after disclosure or they are waived unless excused by the court for good cause
Scope of Discovery
Relevance: can discover anything that might be admissible at trial OR that might lead to something that might be admissible at trial
NOT limited to admissible evidence
Discovery Proportionality
Discovery is limited to matters proportional to the needs of the case
Courts are to consider the importance of the issues, the amount at stake, the parties’ resources and access to information, the value of discovery in the case, and, whether the burden or expense of discovery outweighs its likely benefit
Exceptions to Discovery
- Evidentiary Privilege
2. Work-Product Rule
Evidentiary Privilege
Anything covered by an evidentiary privilege is NOT discoverable
Work Product Rule
Attorney work product rule protects:
- Documents and things (not information) prepared in anticipation of litigation by or for another party or her representative
- Creates a qualified immunity from discovery that can be overcome if the party seeking discovery shows need and that the information cannot be obtained elsewhere
Experts
Distinction between those who will be called to testify and those who will not
Going to testify: other side has to prepare for cross-examination
Not going to testify: no discovery absent exceptional circumstances
Protective Orders
Court orders to compel or restrain discovery for good cause shown
Discovery Devices
- Oral Deposition
- Written Deposition
- Interrogatories
- Discovery and Inspection of Documents and Land
- Physical and Mental Examinations
- Request for Admission
Oral Deposition
- Under oath
- Limited to 10 unless court allows more
- Each limited to 1 day of 7 hours, unless court allows more
- Any kind of notice suffices for the deposition of a party
- Deposition of witness requires a subpoena
- Can be taken at any time after the party has made mandatory disclosures
- May be taken before any notary public who is not otherwise disqualified
Subpoena Duces Tecum
Requires the deponent to bring specified documents or things
Written Deposition
Questions asked in writing are delivered to an officer who asks orally the questions and the witnesses answers orally under oath
Rarely used
Interrogatories
Questions asked in writing to be answered under oath in writing
May only be used against a party
Limited to 25 interrogatories, unless the court allows more
Responses required within 30 days
Discovery and Inspection of Documents and Land
- Called a “Request to Produce and Permit Inspection”
- Applies only to documents, things, and land under the control of a party
- The thing to be produced and inspected must be described with particularity
- Response due within 30 days
Physical and Mental Examinations
Available only against a party and only permitted when the party’s physical or mental condition is in controversy
Only for good cause shown
Use of Depositions
- Discoverability does not equal admissibility
- Deposition of an adverse party is admissible as an admission agains interest
- Deposition of a witness may be used to impeach
- Deposition of a witness who does not testify can be used if the witness is dead or beyond the court’s subpoena power or otherwise
Can also be used if the witness is more than 100 miles from the place of trial
Enforcement Sanctions
The court can immediately impose sanctions in three instances of complete default:
1) Failure to attend one’s own deposition;
2) Failure to respond to interrogatories; and
3) Failure to respond to a request for documents or thing
Electronically Stored Information
- Should be preserved
- If lost through the unreasonable conduct of a party, the court may order measures to cure the prejudice to the other party
- If the material was destroyed with the intent to prejudice the other party, the court may instruct the jury that it must presume the information was unfavorable, or even order the end of the litigation
Pre-Trial Conference
Must be attended by the attorneys who will conduct the trial
Must file a pre-trial statement detailing:
- Claims and Defenses
- Itemization of Damages
- Requests for Stipulation and Admissions
- List of all witnesses and exhibits
Failure to comply usually means that the attorney pays the costs and the other side’s attorney’s fees
Termination Without Trial
- Judgment on the pleadings (rare)
- Default Judgment;
- Voluntary dismissal (without prejudice);
- Involuntary dismissal (with prejudice);
- Summary judgment
Voluntary Dismissal
Without Prejudice: Plaintiff whose claim has been dismissed can bring that claim again in a new lawsuit
Plaintiff has the right to voluntary dismissal ONCE at any time prior to defendant serving an Answer or MSJ
After, must seek a dismissal without prejudice on leave of court
Involuntary Dismissal
Involuntary Dismissal for: - lack of jurisdiction - improper venue - failure to join a necessary party Without prejudice
All other cases dismissal is with prejudice (adjudication on the merits)
Summary Judgment
There is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitle to judgment as a matter of law
Must be supported or opposed by particular materials in the record, such as: - Depositions - Answers to Interrogatories - Affidavits - Stipulations (must generally be sword statements)
Right to Jury Trial
7th Amendment right to trial by jury for legal issues (damages), not for equity
If legal and equity issues overlap in one lawsuit, try the legal issues forst
Demand for Trial by Jury
Must be made not later than 14 days after service of the answer
Jury Selection
Minimum of 6; Maximum of 12
All must participate in verdict unless dismissed for good cause
Each litigant gets three peremptory challenges (no need to explain/have good reason, but cannot be used for racial or gender reasons
Bench Trial
Judge is required to make findings of fact and state conclusions of law
Jury Instructions
- Parties may request specific instructions
- Judge must inform the parties of his actions on those requirements and the court’s proposed instructions before final argument
- Courts must provide an opportunity to object to proposed instructions (objections must be on the record)
- Any objection to the instructions must be made before the jury retires
Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law
Formerly Directed Verdict
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the opposing party, the evidence cannot support a contrary verdict and the moving party is therefore entitled to judgment as a matter of law
Renewed Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law
formerly J.N.O.V.
A motion for JMOL made at the close of all the evidence and denied by the court may be renewed after the verdict
- Prior motion is a condition precedent
Standard is the same: the evidence cannot support the jury’s verdict and the moving party is therefore entitled to a judgment as a matter of law
Motions to Terminate Without Trial
Motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, motion for judgment on the pleadings, JMOL made before the jury retires are waived if the moving party proceeds with trial once motions are denied
New Trial
Usually made with a renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law, but very different
Grounds for new trial:
- Errors during trial that rendered the judgment unfair;
- Newly discovered evidence
- Prejudicial misconduct by a lawyer, party, or juror
Court must specify the reasons for granting a new trial in its order
Final Judgment Rule
Ordinarily, appeals lie only from final judgments
Partial final judgment: the court may, by express designation, enter a final judgment on some claims (such a judgment is immediately appealable)
Notice of appeal must be filed in the trial court within 30 days of entry of judgment
Interlocutory Orders Immediately Appealable as of Right
- Injunctions
- Any order that changes or affects possession of property
Discretionary Interlocutory Appeal
Any interlocutory order is appealable on leave of courts
- Both the trial and appellate courts must agree to allow the appeal
The trial court can issue a certificate for interlocutory appeal stating:
- that it involves a controlling issue of law; and
- that the immediate appeal may materially advance termination of the litigation
Collateral-Order Doctine
Authorizes immediate appeal of orders separable from and collateral to the main suit and too important to deny immediate review
Most likely case: the denial of a motion to dismiss for forum non conveniens
Mandamus
Provides for immediate appellate review of an order that is an abuse of authority
Class Action Appeals
Appellate courts have discretion to hear interlocutory appeals from orders certifying or refusing to certify a class action
Standards of Review: Questions of Law
Appellate review is de novo (whether trial got the law right)
Standards of Review: Findings of Fact
Jury Verdicts: must be affirmed if supported by substantial evidence
Judge’s findings of fact: must be affirmed unless clearly erroneous
Standards of Review: Matters of Discretion
Abuse of discretion
Any reasonable decision will be upheld
Full Faith and Credit
Courts in the United states, both state and federal, must give full faith and credit to judgment rendered by courts of other states, provided that the rendering court had jurisdiction
Preclusion Doctrines
- Claim preclusion (res judicata)
2. Issue preclusion (collateral estoppel)
Claim Preclusion Rule
A final judgment on the merits of a claim bars re-litigation of that claim by the same parties or those in privity with the parties
Prevents re-litigation of every claim that was raised or should have been raised in the first suit
Claim Preclusion Requirements
- Final judgment on the merits in the first suit;
- Second suit between the same parties or their successors in interest; and
- The second suit involves the same claim or cause of action
Examples of Succors in Interest
- The assignor and assignee of a claim;
- A decedent and the executor of the estate; and
- The executor of an estate and persons who claim under the will
Issue Preclusion Requirements
- The same issue of fact must arise in two suits;
- That issue must have been actually and necessarily decided in the first suit; and
- The party to be precluded must have been a party to the first suit
