Civics EOC Review Vocabulary Flashcards
1
Q
What are checks and balances?
A
a principle of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that allows each branch of government to limit the power of the other branches
2
Q
What is consent of the governed?
A
an agreement made by the people to establish a government and abide by its laws
3
Q
Explain the Enlightenment
A
a period in European history when many educated people stressed the importance of learning and reasoning; education was considered the key to understanding and solving society’s problems
4
Q
individual liberty
A
a person’s ability to be free and independent
5
Q
influence
A
having an effect or impact on the actions, behavior, opinions, etc., of another or others
6
Q
natural law
A
laws passed by government to protect natural rights
7
Q
natural rights
A
the belief that individuals are born with basic rights that cannot be taken away by governments; life, liberty, and property
8
Q
separation of powers
A
the structure of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that sets up three branches with their own distinct powers and responsibilities
9
Q
social contract
A
an implied agreement among the people of an organized society that defines the rights, duties, and limitations of the governed and the government
10
Q
Founding Fathers
A
representatives from each of the 13 colonies who decided to meet and write a document stating their reasons for separation and independence from England
11
Q
compact
A
an official agreement made by two or more parties
12
Q
Common Sense
A
a pamphlet published by Thomas Paine in 1776 to convince the American colonists to support becoming independent from England
13
Q
English Bill of Rights
A
a government document that expanded the powers of the English Parliament and expanded the rights of the people, as well as further limited the rights of the king; written by the members of the English Parliament in 1689
14
Q
due process
A
the idea that people have the right to fair and reasonable laws, and that government leaders and officials have to follow rules when enforcing laws and treat all people in the same way
15
Q
limited government
A
a government that has been limited in power by a constitution, or written agreement
16
Q
limited monarchy
A
a system of government in which the king or queen shares authority with an elected legislature and agrees to be bound by a constitution or a set of laws, also known as a constitutional monarchy
17
Q
Magna Carta
A
a government document that limited the power of the king of England and protected the rights of the nobility; written by the English nobles in 1215
18
Q
Mayflower Compact
A
an agreement between individuals that created a government that would provide order and protect the rights of the colonists; written by a group of English Puritans in Massachusetts in 1620
19
Q
Preamble
A
the introduction to the U.S. Constitution
20
Q
rights
A
a set of things that people believe they should be free to do without restrictions
21
Q
rule of law
A
a concept that those who govern are bound by the laws; no one is above the law
22
Q
self-government
A
popular or representative system where the people create and run their own government
23
Q
Thomas Paine
A
the colonial journalist who wrote Common Sense in 1776
24
Q
duty
A
a tax
25
export
goods sent to another country
26
goods
merchandise or objects for sale or trade
27
import
goods brought into the country
28
individual rights
rights guaranteed or belonging to a person
29
legislature
governing body responsible for making laws
30
levy
to collect by legal authority
31
oppression
the use of authority or power in a cruel or unjust manner
32
Parliament
the name of the English legislature
33
representation
a person or group acting on behalf of another person or group
34
tax
money levied by a government for specific facilities or services
35
taxation without representation
the idea that it is unfair to tax someone without giving them a voice in government
36
abolish
to end
37
assent
to agree
38
consent of the governed
an agreement made by the people to establish a government and abide by its laws
39
deprive
to take something away
40
derive
to take
41
despotism
a system of government where the ruler has unlimited power
42
dissolve
to bring to an end
43
endow
to be given something naturally
44
grievance
a complaint
45
impel
to urge
46
impose
to establish by using authority or power
47
institute
to establish
48
natural rights
the belief that individuals are born with basic rights that cannot be taken away by governments
49
oppression
the use of authority or power in a cruel or unjust manner
50
quarter
the house
51
rectitude
the quality or state of being correct
52
self-evident
obvious, having no need of proof
53
tyranny
a government in which a single ruler possesses and abuses absolute power
54
tyrant
a single ruler that possess and abuses absolute government power
55
unalienable rights
basic rights of the people that may not be taken away
56
usurpation
the act of exercising power by force
57
Bill of Rights
the first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution
58
Declaration of Independence
a document written in 1776 that listed the basis for democratic government and the grievances of the colonists
59
Articles of Confederation
the first constitution of the United States, adopted in 1781 and replaced in 1789
60
confederation
a system of government where power is located with the independent states and there is little power in the central government
61
Constitutional Convention
a meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 where delegates decided to throw out the Articles of Confederation and draft the Constitution
62
debt
something owed; such as money
63
Shays' Rebellion
an event when 2000 Massachusetts farmers rebelled against land foreclosures and debt from the Revolutionary War
64
Articles of Confederation
the first constitution of the United States; weak powers; only powers listed were for Congress.
65
enforce
to carry out effectively
66
defense
method of protecting oneself
67
domestic
referring to something at home, not foreign
68
insure
ensure, to make sure
69
justice
a system of establishing what is legal and illegal by fair rules
70
ordain
to establish something by law
71
posterity
future generations
72
Preamble
the introduction to the U.S. Constitution
73
tranquility
peace
74
union
something formed by combining parts, such as states into one country
75
welfare
well-being
76
establish justice
make a fair and honest system for all
77
form a more perfect union
create an even better government that will make life better for all
78
insure domestic tranquility
government will protect citizens from conflict in the country and make sure that states do not go to war with each other
79
promote the general welfare
government is focused on the public interest and that every state and individual can benefit from what the government can provide
80
provide for the common defense
protect the country from other countries or people that might try to harm us
81
secure the blessings of liberty to our posterity
secure liberty and freedom for current and future generations
82
checks and balances
a principle of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that allows each branch of government to limit the power of the other branches
83
constitutional government
a form of government based on a written set of laws that all citizens agree to; in this form of government, the constitution is the highest law of the land
84
judicial review
the power of the U.S. courts to examine the laws or actions of the legislative and executive branches of the government and to determine whether such actions are consistent with the U.S. Constitution
85
limited government
a government that has been limited in power by a constitution, or written agreement
86
Marbury v. Madison
U.S. Supreme Court case that established judicial review and supremacy clause
87
separation of powers
the structure of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that sets up three branches with their own distinct powers and responsibilities
88
Anti-Federalist Papers
a series of essays written to counter and defeat the proposed U.S. Constitution
89
Anti-Federalists
a group of people in the early United States who opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution because they feared a strong national government and a lack of protection for individual rights
90
Bill of Rights
the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, establishing rights and protections for American citizens
91
Federalist Papers
a series of essays written to explain and defend the proposed U.S. Constitution
92
Federalists
a group of people in the early United States who favored the establishment of a strong national government and who worked for ratification of the U.S. Constitution
93
ratification
the process of formally approving something; ratification of the U.S. Constitution
94
citizen
a legal member of a state and/or country
95
law
a rule established by government or other source of authority to regulate people's conduct or activities
96
rule of law
a concept that those who govern are bound by the laws; no one is above the law
97
Eighth Amendment
an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that provides freedom from excessive bail or fines and freedom from cruel or unusual punishment for a person accused of a crime
98
Fifth Amendment
an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that provides protections to a person accused of a crime, including the right of due process. Due process is the concept that a person cannot have life, liberty, or property taken away without appropriate legal procedures and protections.
99
Fourth Amendment
an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that provides freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. This amendment also states that warrants must only be issued with probable cause.
100
Sixth Amendment
an amendment to the Constitution that provides protections and rights to a person accused of a crime including the right to a speedy trial with an impartial jury
101
case law
law established by the outcome of former cases
102
Code of Hammurabi
a written code of rules that guided the ancient society of Babylon; dates back to 1772 B.C.
103
common law
legal precedence based on customs and prior legal decisions; used in civil cases
104
constitutional law
the interpretation and implementation of the U.S. Constitution
105
criminal law
law that deals with crimes and the punishments associated with those crimes
106
juvenile law
law that deals with the actions and well-being of persons who are not yet adults
107
Magna Carta
a government document that limited the power of the king of England and protected the rights of the nobility; written by the English nobles in 1215
108
military law
laws that have been developed to meet the needs of the military
109
regulation
a rule an agency of the executive branch makes to enforce a law
110
source
a main reference or point of origin
111
statutory law
the written law enacted by a legislature, as distinguished from unwritten law or common law
112
type
a particular category, kind, or group
113
accused
a person officially charged with a crime
114
alien
a foreign born resident of the US that has not been naturalized.
115
ambassador
an official representative of a country's government
116
amendment
any change in the constitution
117
amnesty
a pardon to a group of people
118
anti-trust law
legislature to prevent new monopolies from forming and to preserve & promote competition.
119
apathy
a lack of interest
120
appellate court
type of court in which a party who lost a case in a lower court ask judges to review that decision and reverse it.
121
appropriations bill
legislature that sets spending on particular programs for the coming year.
122
arbitration
a situation in which union and company officials submit the issues that can not agree to a neutral third party for a final decision.
123
bail
a sum of money used as a security deposit to ensure that an accused person returns to his or her trial ( or court).
124
ballot
the list of candidates for which you cast your vote
125
bear market
a period in which stock prices declines for a substantial period of time.
126
bicameral
a legislature consisting of 2 parts ( i.e. House and Senate)
127
Bill of Attainder
a law that punishes a person accuses of a crime without a trial or fair hearing in a court
128
black codes
laws after the Civil War that kept African Americans from holding certain jobs, giving them few property rights, and limited their rights in other ways.
129
bond
interest-bearing certificate of agreement between a borrower and a lender
130
boycott
the refusal to purchase goods or services
131
brief
a written document explaining the position of one side or the other in a court case.
132
budget deficit
a situation that occurs when a government spends more than it collects in revenues.
133
budget surplus
a situation that occurs when a government collects more revenues that it spends
134
bull market
a period during which stock prices steadily increase.
135
cabinet
a group of advisers to the president that includes the head of 15 top level executive departments. Remember- president appoints and are approved with 2/3 of senate
136
capital
the seat of government within a nation or state
137
capitalism
a system in which private citizens own most, if not all, of the means of production and decide how use them within legislature limits.
138
cash crop
a crop produced mainly for sale or profit
139
caucus
a meeting of a political party members to conduct party business
140
censorship
the banning of printed materials or films due to alarming or offensive ideas.
141
census
a population count taken every 10 years by the federal government
142
charter
a government document granting permission to organize a corporation
143
civil case
court case in which one party in dispute claims to have been harmed in some way by the other.
144
civil liberties
freedoms to think and act without government interference or fear of unfair legal treatment
145
closed primary
an election in which only the declared members of a party are allowed to vote for a party's nominees
146
cloture
a procedure in the senate to limit debate on a bill
147
collective bargaining
a process by which unions and employers negotiate the conditions of employment
148
command economy
an economic system in which the government makes the major economic decisions.
149
commonwealth
a type of US territory that has its own constitution, but its government is in power by the US Congress and is under US laws
( ex. Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands)
150
communism
a one party system of government based on the idea of state ownership and direction of property and industry; developed by Karl Marxx; Pure communism is an economic system.
151
competition
efforts by different business to sell the same goods or services
152
complaint
a formal notice that a lawsuit has been brought.
153
concurrent jurisdiction
authority for both state and federal courts to hear and decide cases
154
concurrent powers
powers shared by the state and federal governments
155
constituent
a person from a legislative district
156
constitutional monarchy
a monarchy in which the power of the hereditary ruler is limited by the country's constitution and laws.
157
defendant
the person in a civil or criminal case who is said to have cause the harm
158
delegate
a representative to a meeting
159
diplomat
a representative from a country's government who takes part in talks with representatives of other nations.
160
discretionary income
money income left after taxes on it have been paid and you can chose to spend.
161
dissenter
one who opposes official or commonly held views.
162
dissenting opinion
a statement written by a justice who disagrees with the majority opinion
163
docket
a court's calendar, showing the schedule of cases it is to hear
164
double jeopardy
putting someone on trial for a crime for which he/she was previously found not guilty.
165
draft
to write a document in its first form
166
elastic clause
In Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution that gives Congress the right to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its expressed powers
167
electoral college
a group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president
168
embargo
an agreement among a group of nations that prohibits them all from trading with a target nation.
169
eminent domain
the right of the government to take private property for public use with appropriate compensation
170
enumerated powers
powers that granted directly to the national government by the Constitution.
171
exclusive jurisdiction
authority of only federal courts to hear and decide cases
172
executive agreement
an agreement between the president and the leader of another country
173
executive branch
the branch of government who carries out laws; it is the largest of the branches & headed by the president
174
executive order
a rule or command that the president gives out that has the force of law
175
ex post facto law
a law that would allow a person punished for an action that was not against the law when it was committed. Translates- after the fact.
176
expressed powers
powers that the US Congress has that are specifically listed in the US Constitution
177
federal bureaucracy
agencies and the employees of the executive branch of government
178
federal system
the sharing of power between the central and state governments
179
federalism
a form of government in which power is shared between the federal or central government and the states
180
felony
a type of crime more serious than a misdemeanor. Examples: murder, rape, kidnapping, robbery
181
filibuster
a tactic for defeating a bill in the Senate by talking until the bill's sponsor withdraws it
(think: Mr. Smith Goes to Washington)
182
foreign policy
a nation's overall plan for dealing with other nations.
183
franking privilege
the right of Senators and House members to send job related mail without paying postage; this is a huge advantage for incumbents during elections
184
free enterprise
an economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference.
185
free speech
the right to say our opinions without being stopped or punished by the government
186
free trade
the lack of trade restrictions among countries.
187
The Cold War
The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies in the Warsaw Pact).
188
The Korean War
The Korean War 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between North and South Korea, in which a United Nations force led by the United States fought for the South, and China fought for the North, which was also assisted by the Soviet Union. The war arose from the division of Korea at the end of World War II and from the global tensions of the Cold War that developed immediately afterwards.
189
The Vietnam War
The Vietnam War is the commonly used name for the Second Indochina War, 1954–1973. Usually, it refers to the period when the United States and other members of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) joined the forces of the Republic of South Vietnam in contesting communist forces comprised of South Vietnamese guerrillas and regular-force units, generally known as Viet Cong (VC), and the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). The U.S. had the largest foreign military presence and basically directed the war from 1965 to 1968. For this reason, in Vietnam today it is known as the American War. It was a direct result of the First Indochina War (1946–1954) between France, which claimed Vietnam as a colony, and the communist forces then known as Viet Minh. In 1973 a "third" Vietnam war began—a continuation, actually—between North and South Vietnam but without significant U.S. involvement. It ended with communist victory in April 1975.
190
genocide
the intent to kill all members of a political ethnic group.
191
gerrymandering
an oddly shaped election district designed to increase the voter strength of a particular political party.
192
global interdependence
the reliance of people and countries around the world on one another for goods and services
193
House of Representatives
the lower house of Congress; number of representatives depend upon population; total members= 435; bills regarding money/funding start in the House!
194
human rights
a protection or a freedom that all people should have; also known as natural rights.
195
ideology
a body of ideas about life and society; can also include how government should work
196
immigrant
an individual who moves permanently to a new country
197
impeach
to accuse government officials of misconduct in office. At the federal level, the House impeaches and the Senate holds the trial for an accused individual. Two presidents have been impeached but none ever tried.
198
implied powers
powers that Congress has that is not stated implicitly in the Constitution ( examples- banking, income tax, military draft).
199
indentured servant
workers who contracted with American colonists for food and shelter for return of labor- the contract was usually 7-10 years.
200
indictment
a document issued by a body called a grand jury that formally charges someone with a crime.
201
inflation
a long term increase in general level of prices. Example: the late 1970s
202
initiative
a procedure by which citizens can propose new laws
203
institution
a key practice, relationship, or organization of a society
204
integrate
to combine multiple components into a functioning whole ( example: integration of schools where all demographics may attend a school).
205
joint resolution
a resolution that is passed by both houses of Congress.
206
judicial branch
the branch of government that interprets the laws
207
laissez- faire economics
a belief that government should not interfere in the marketplace. Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations describes this form of economics. Think: hands off
208
legislative branch
the lawmaking branch
209
levy
to demand and collect a tax
210
libel
written untruths that are harmful to another's reputation
211
limited government
the principle that a ruler or government is not all powerful
212
line-item veto
to veto only a specific part of a bill; more common at the state level via the governor
213
lobbyist
a representative of an interest group who contacts lawmakers to influence their policy making
214
Political Action Committees ( PACs)
political organization that is established by a corporation, labor union, or other special interest group designed to support candidates by contributing money.
215
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
In a 5-4 decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that corporations and unions have the same political speech rights as individuals under the First Amendment. Thus, resulting in almost an unlimited amount corporations can contribute to a political campaign.
216
majority party
In both the House and the Senate, the political party to which more than half of the members belong. Currently, the Republican party is the majority party in the Senate and House. The majority party determines the Speaker of the House (P. Ryan) and the Senate President (M. McConnell).
217
majority rule
political principle providing that majority of the members of a community has the power to make laws binding upon all the people.
218
malapportionment
unequal representation in state legislatures. usually caused by gerrymandering.
219
malice
evil intent
220
market economy
an economic system in which individuals and businesses own all resources and make economic decisions on the basis of price.
221
mass media
a mechanism of mass communications ( examples- tv, social media, radio, newspapers)
222
mediation
a situation in which union and company officials bring in a 3rd party to resolve disputes.
223
minority party
in both the House and Senate, the political party in which fewer than half the members belong. Currently, the Democratic party is the minority party.
224
mixed economy
a system combining characteristics of more than one type of economy. Currently, the US has a mixed economy,.
225
nation
a area of land defined by specific political boundaries
226
national security
the ability to keep a country safe from attack or harm.
227
The Patriot Act
U.S. law enacted in response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, which gave law-enforcement officials greater ability to tap telephones and track Internet users; also called [The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001]
228
natural rights
freedoms that freedom possess relating to life, liberty, and property
229
Baron de Montesquieu
an Enlightenment thinker; credited for the idea of three branches and separation of powers
230
Thomas Hobbes
an Enlightment thinker who believed a single ruler should have total authority over a people as " the common man could not make good decisions on his own"; justified continued monarchy in England
231
John Locke
Enlightenment thinker who believed in a "tabula rasa" or blank slate; Locke believed that all people should be guaranteed natural rights as in a state of nature people would do the right thing. He developed the idea of a social contract- a contract between the people and the government; the contract could be broken if the government was not just and fair;
232
naturalization
a legal process to obtain citizenship
233
negligence
a lack of proper care or attention
234
neutral
taking no side or part in a disagreement
235
nonpartisan
free from party ties or bias
236
Northwest Ordinance
1787, law that set up a government for the Northwest territory and served as a model for all new territories and as plan for admitting new states to the union.
237
nullify
to cancel legally
238
open primary
an election in which voters need not declare their party preference
239
ordinance
a law, usually of a city or county ( ex. Alachua County's noise ordinance)
240
ordinance of 1785
a law that set up a plan for surveying western lands
241
original jurisdiction
the authority to hear cases for the first time
242
pardon
a declaration of forgiveness and freedom from punishment
243
parole
to grant a prisoner an early release from prison, with certain restrictions
244
penal code
a state's written criminal laws
245
petition
a formal request for government action
246
picketing
a union tactic in which striking workers walk with signs that express their grievances
247
plaintiff
the person in a civil case who claims to have been harmed
248
platform
the declared policy of a political party or group.
249
plea bargaining
the process in which the defendant agrees to plead guilt to lesser crime in order to receive a lighter sentence
250
plurality
the most votes among all those running for political office
251
pocket veto
the president's power to kill a bill if Congress is not in session for at least 7 days.
252
political machine
a strong party organization that can control political appointments and deliver votes
( 1800s- Boston mob; current example- Tea Party)
253
political party
an association of voters with broad common interest who want to influence or control decision making in government by electing the party's candidates to public office ( major parties in US-Democratic and Republican; minor parties- Libertarian and the Green Party)
254
poll tax
a sum of money required of voters before they are permitted to cast a ballot.
255
popular referendum
a question placed on a ballot by a citizen petition to decide if a law should be repealed
256
popular sovereignty
government receives its power from the people
257
popular vote
the votes cast by individual voters in a presidential election; as opposed to the electoral vote
258
pork barrel project
government project grant that primarily benefits the home district or state
259
privatization
the process of changing state owned businesses, factories, and farms to private owners
260
property tax
a tax on the value of land and property that people own. Note: property taxes are partially used to pay for schools, police, and fire services
261
public good
an economic good that is used collectively, such as a highway or national defense.
262
public opinion
the ideas and attitudes that most people hold about electoral office, candidates, government, and political issues
263
public policy
the decisions and actions of a government to solve problems in a community
264
quota
a limit on the amount of foreign goods imported into a country
265
ratify
to approve via a vote
266
recall
A recall election (also called a recall referendum or representative recall) is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before his or her term has ended. Recalls, which are initiated when sufficient voters sign a petition,
267
recession
a period of declining economic activity lasting 6 months or longer
268
redistricting
the process of drawing boundaries for electoral and political districts in the U.S. and is usually done every ten years after the census.
269
redress
payment for a wrong or loss
270
referendum
a way for citizens to vote on state or local laws
271
refugee
a person who has left his or her home to escape war, persecution by the government, famine, or natural disaster
272
regime
a government that is in power
273
totalitarianism
the political concept that the citizen should be totally subject to an absolute state authority ( Example- North Korea)
274
regulatory commission
independent agency created by Congress that can make rules concerning certain activities and bring violators to court ( examples: FAA, FDIC, FDA)
275
rehabilitate
to correct a person's behavior
276
repeal
to cancel a law
277
representative democracy
Simply put, a representative democracy is a system of government in which all eligible citizens vote on representatives to pass laws for them. A perfect example is the U.S., where we elect a president and members of the Congress. We also elect local and state officials. All of these elected officials supposedly listen to the populace and do what's best for the nation, state or jurisdiction as a whole. This is the government of the US!!!!
278
repression
preventing people from expressing themselves or from freely engaging in a normal life
279
reprieve
an order to delay a person's punishment until a higher court can hear the case
280
reserved powers
powers that the Constitution does not give to the national government, but are powers for the states.
281
resign
to give up one's office or position
282
retain
to keep or hold secure
283
revenue
the money a business receives from selling its goods or services
284
rider
a completely unrelated amendment added to a bill
285
right to work laws
state laws forbidding unions from forcing workers to join
286
roll-call vote
A vote in which each senator votes "yea" or "nay" as his or her name is called by the clerk, so that the names of senators voting on each side are recorded
287
rule of law
principle that the law applies to everyone , even those who govern ( example - US v. Nixon)
288
ruling
an official decision by a judge or court that settles a case and may also establish the meaning of law
289
rural
less populated, having more open country side than cities and towns
290
scarcity
the situation of not having enough resources to satisfy one's wants
291
search warrant
a court order allowing law enforcement officers to search a suspect's home or business and take specific items as evidence.
292
self-incrimination
giving evidence that could lead to one being found guilty of a crime
293
seniority
years of service, which is used as a consideration for assigning committee members
294
separation of powers
the split authority among the legislature, executive, and judicial branches
295
session
a meeting of a legislative or judicial body to conduct business
296
slander
spoken untruths that are harmful to someone's reputation
297
smuggling
the act of importing or exporting goods secretly, in violation of law and especially without paying a tax on the goods.
298
social contract
an agreement among people in a society with government
299
socialism
system in which government owns some factors of production and distributes the products and wages
300
social responsibility
the obligation a business has to pursue goals that benefit society as well as itself
301
special session
a legislative meeting called for a specific purpose
302
spoils system
rewarding people with government jobs on the basis of political support
303
standard of living
the material well-being of an individual, a group, or a nation as measured on how well their needs and wants are being satisfied.
304
state
a smaller political unit within a nation ( US has 50 states)
305
strike
when workers deliberately stop working in order to force an employer to give in to their demands.
306
submit
to offer a bill for consideration
307
subpoena
an order that requires a person to appear in court
308
subsidize
to add or support a person, business, or an institution or an undertaking with money or tax breaks
309
suburb
a community near a larger city
310
suffrage
the right to vote
311
summons
a notice directing someone to appear in court to answer a complaint or a charge
312
supremacy clause
the Constitution says that any federal laws that are made according to the Constitution are the supreme laws. That means that state laws that go against federal laws are not valid. Even state courts must follow federal law before state law.
313
surplus
a situation in which the amount of goods and service supplied by the producer is greater than the demand from the consumers. Creates cheaper prices.
314
tariff
a tax on imported goods
315
tenure
the right to hold an office; once a person is confirmed in office ( ex: Obama's tenure is 2008-2016)
316
third party
a political party that challenge the major 2 parties in the US ( ex. The Green party)
317
3/5 Compromise
agreement providing that enslaved persons would could as 3/5 of other persons in determining representation of Congress
318
tort
a wrongful act or an infringement of a right (other than under contract) leading to civil legal liability.
319
trade sanction
an effort to punish another nation by imposing trade barriers
320
trade war
economic conflict that occurs when one or more nations put up trade barriers to punish another nation for trade barriers erected against them
321
traditional economy
an economy system in which the decisions of what, how, and for whom to produce are based on custom or habit.
322
transparency
process of making government or business deals more open to the public
323
treaty
an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations
324
trial court
type of court in which a judge or jury listens to the evidence and reaches a verdict or decision in favor of one party in the case.
325
unanimous decision
The Supreme Court rules on a case in which all justices agree on the ruling.
326
unicameral
having one house legislature
327
violate
breaking a law
328
voter turnout rate
percentage of eligible voters who actually vote. In US, the voter turnout rate is low
329
watchdog
the role played by a media organization that exposes illegal practices or waste
330
weapons of mass destruction
a weapon that can kill a large number of people as well as damage or destroy a large physical area.
331
welfare
the health, prosperity ,and happiness of members of a community
332
winner take all system
a system in which the candidate who wins the popular vote in a state usually receives all the electoral college votes.
333
Writ of Certiorari
an order a higher court issues to a lower court to obtain the records of he lower court of a particular case
334
writ of Habeas Corpus
a court order that requires police to bring a prisoner to a court to explain why the person is being held
335
abolitionist
one who worked to permanently end slavery
336
Dred Scott decision
The Supreme Court ruled that black people were not citizens and had no right to sue in a court of law. Effectively, the Dred Scott decision set up a system in which slaves were considered "property"
337
Emancipation Proclamation
In 1863, ordered by President Lincoln, it declared that all slaves were freed. The southern states ignored this proclamation; however, it was a political sign of progress to end slavery.
338
13th Amendment
outlaws slavery in US
339
14th Amendment
gave all citizens due process and equal protection under the law
340
15th Amendment
gave all men the right to vote despite race
341
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow laws were laws in the South based on race. They enforced segregation between white people and black people in public places such as schools, transportation, restrooms, and restaurants. They also made it difficult for black people to vote.
342
Civil Rights Act of 1964
prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, and national origin. Includes discrimination in the workplace, public spaces, schools and voting
343
Civil Rights Act of 1965
prohibits any restriction on the right to vote - including poll taxes and literacy tests
344
Loving v. Virginia 1967
State laws banning interracial marriage was unconstitutional
