Civics Flashcards

(59 cards)

1
Q

Bicameral

A

having two branches or chambers.

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2
Q

Dictatorship

A

form of government in which absolute power is exercised

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3
Q

Republic

A

power is explicitly vested in the people, who in turn exercise their power through elected representatives

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4
Q

Democracy

A

A government by the people and for the people

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5
Q

Athens

A

Where government started

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6
Q

Oligarcgy

A

all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique; government by the few.

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7
Q

Feudalism

A

a social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return

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8
Q

Rome

A

governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar

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9
Q

Julius Caesar

A

A Roman general and dictator in the first century b.c. In military campaigns to secure Roman rule over the province of Gaul, present-day France, he gained much prestige.

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10
Q

State

A

a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.

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11
Q

Nation

A

a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.

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12
Q

Sovereignty

A

the authority of a state to govern itself or another state.

“national sovereignty”

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13
Q

Social Contract Theory

A

voluntary agreement among individuals by which, according to any of various theories, as of Hobbes, Locke, or Rousseau, organized society is brought into being and invested with the right to secure mutual protection and welfare or to regulate the relations among its members.

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14
Q

Magna Carta

A

a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges.

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15
Q

Taxation without representation

A

slogan of the Revolutionary War and the years before. The colonists were not allowed to choose representatives to parliament in London, which passed the laws under which they were taxed.

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16
Q

Hammurabi’s Law

A

it contained the “eye for an eye” theory of punishment

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17
Q

Common Law

A

law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than statutes

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18
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain.

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19
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

the first constitution of the 13 American states

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20
Q

Constitutional Convention

A

The gathering that drafted the Constitution of the United States in 1787; all states were invited to send delegates.

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21
Q

Virginia Plan

A

proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch.

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22
Q

Connecticut Plan

A

that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the constitution

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23
Q

Federalist

A

an advocate or supporter of federalism.

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24
Q

Anti- Federalist

A

movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government

25
Virginia Ratification
was a convention of 168 delegates from Virginia who met in 1788 to ratify or reject the United States Constitution
26
Federalist Papers
85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution
27
Popular sovereignty
the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives
28
Limited government
restricted with reference to governing powers by limitations prescribed in laws and in a constitution
29
separation of powers
an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.
30
checks and balances
ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups.
31
judicial review
eview by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act
32
Marbury vs. Madison
formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution
33
federalism
a system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government
34
constitutional law
rights carved out in the federal and state constitutions
35
chief of state
the titular head of a nation as distinct from the head of the government.
36
chief executive
The President of the United States
37
commander in chief
a head of state or officer in supreme command of a country's armed forces
38
chief citizen
the President should represent all of the people of the United States
39
Electoral college
a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.
40
Ex post facto
laws adopted after an act is committed making it illegal although it was legal when done
41
Burden of proof
the obligation to offer evidence that the court or jury could reasonably believe, in support of a contention
42
Probable cause
sufficient reason based upon known facts to believe a crime has been committed or that certain property is connected with a crime Read more: http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=1618#ixzz4ANVoo7QW
43
Exclusionary rule
a law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial
44
Double jeopardy
the prosecution of a person twice for the same offense
45
Self Incrimination
implicating oneself in a crime or exposing oneself to criminal prosecution
46
Miranda V. Arizona
Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.
47
Right to privacy amendments
alluded to in the fourth amendment to the US constitution, which states that 'The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, [a] against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
48
Civil Rights
the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality
49
Civil Liberties
the state of being subject only to laws established for the good of the community
50
Free exercise clause
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise
51
Establishment clause
prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress.
52
Alien and sedition acts
John Adams at the end of the eighteenth century, that sought to restrict the public activities of political radicals who sympathized with the French Revolution and criticized Adams's Federalist policies
53
Clear and present danger
determine under what circumstances limits can be placed on First Amendment freedoms of speech, press, or assembly.
54
Supremacy clause
Constitution, and the Laws of the United States … shall be the supreme Law of the Land
55
Elastic clause
granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers
56
Election of 1876
20 votes missing
57
Senators
100 / six years
58
Representatives
435 / 2 years, reelections
59
Supreme Court Justices
at least six / life