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Chemistry > Civics > Flashcards

Civics Flashcards

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1
Q

Bicameral

A

having two branches or chambers.

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2
Q

Dictatorship

A

form of government in which absolute power is exercised

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3
Q

Republic

A

power is explicitly vested in the people, who in turn exercise their power through elected representatives

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4
Q

Democracy

A

A government by the people and for the people

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5
Q

Athens

A

Where government started

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6
Q

Oligarcgy

A

all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique; government by the few.

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7
Q

Feudalism

A

a social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return

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8
Q

Rome

A

governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar

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9
Q

Julius Caesar

A

A Roman general and dictator in the first century b.c. In military campaigns to secure Roman rule over the province of Gaul, present-day France, he gained much prestige.

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10
Q

State

A

a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.

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11
Q

Nation

A

a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.

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12
Q

Sovereignty

A

the authority of a state to govern itself or another state.

“national sovereignty”

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13
Q

Social Contract Theory

A

voluntary agreement among individuals by which, according to any of various theories, as of Hobbes, Locke, or Rousseau, organized society is brought into being and invested with the right to secure mutual protection and welfare or to regulate the relations among its members.

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14
Q

Magna Carta

A

a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges.

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15
Q

Taxation without representation

A

slogan of the Revolutionary War and the years before. The colonists were not allowed to choose representatives to parliament in London, which passed the laws under which they were taxed.

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16
Q

Hammurabi’s Law

A

it contained the “eye for an eye” theory of punishment

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17
Q

Common Law

A

law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than statutes

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18
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain.

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19
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

the first constitution of the 13 American states

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20
Q

Constitutional Convention

A

The gathering that drafted the Constitution of the United States in 1787; all states were invited to send delegates.

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21
Q

Virginia Plan

A

proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch.

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22
Q

Connecticut Plan

A

that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the constitution

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23
Q

Federalist

A

an advocate or supporter of federalism.

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24
Q

Anti- Federalist

A

movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government

25
Q

Virginia Ratification

A

was a convention of 168 delegates from Virginia who met in 1788 to ratify or reject the United States Constitution

26
Q

Federalist Papers

A

85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution

27
Q

Popular sovereignty

A

the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives

28
Q

Limited government

A

restricted with reference to governing powers by limitations prescribed in laws and in a constitution

29
Q

separation of powers

A

an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.

30
Q

checks and balances

A

ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups.

31
Q

judicial review

A

eview by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act

32
Q

Marbury vs. Madison

A

formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution

33
Q

federalism

A

a system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government

34
Q

constitutional law

A

rights carved out in the federal and state constitutions

35
Q

chief of state

A

the titular head of a nation as distinct from the head of the government.

36
Q

chief executive

A

The President of the United States

37
Q

commander in chief

A

a head of state or officer in supreme command of a country’s armed forces

38
Q

chief citizen

A

the President should represent all of the people of the United States

39
Q

Electoral college

A

a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.

40
Q

Ex post facto

A

laws adopted after an act is committed making it illegal although it was legal when done

41
Q

Burden of proof

A

the obligation to offer evidence that the court or jury could reasonably believe, in support of a contention

42
Q

Probable cause

A

sufficient reason based upon known facts to believe a crime has been committed or that certain property is connected with a crime

Read more: http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=1618#ixzz4ANVoo7QW

43
Q

Exclusionary rule

A

a law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial

44
Q

Double jeopardy

A

the prosecution of a person twice for the same offense

45
Q

Self Incrimination

A

implicating oneself in a crime or exposing oneself to criminal prosecution

46
Q

Miranda V. Arizona

A

Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.

47
Q

Right to privacy amendments

A

alluded to in the fourth amendment to the US constitution, which states that ‘The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, [a] against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,

48
Q

Civil Rights

A

the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality

49
Q

Civil Liberties

A

the state of being subject only to laws established for the good of the community

50
Q

Free exercise clause

A

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise

51
Q

Establishment clause

A

prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress.

52
Q

Alien and sedition acts

A

John Adams at the end of the eighteenth century, that sought to restrict the public activities of political radicals who sympathized with the French Revolution and criticized Adams’s Federalist policies

53
Q

Clear and present danger

A

determine under what circumstances limits can be placed on First Amendment freedoms of speech, press, or assembly.

54
Q

Supremacy clause

A

Constitution, and the Laws of the United States … shall be the supreme Law of the Land

55
Q

Elastic clause

A

granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers

56
Q

Election of 1876

A

20 votes missing

57
Q

Senators

A

100 / six years

58
Q

Representatives

A

435 / 2 years, reelections

59
Q

Supreme Court Justices

A

at least six / life

Chemistry (2 decks)

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