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Government > Citizenship and Equal Justice > Flashcards

Citizenship and Equal Justice Flashcards

1
Q

A person who lives in a country where he or she is not a citizen

A

Alien

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2
Q

Person who comes to a new country intending to live there permanently

A

Immigrant

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3
Q

US law classifies aliens into _______ different categories

A

Five

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4
Q

Person from a foreign nation who has established permanent residence in the US

A

Resident aliens

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5
Q

Person from a foreign country who expects to stay in the US for a short, specified period of time

A

Non-resident alien

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6
Q

Citizen of a nation with which the US is at war

A

Enemy alien

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7
Q

People fleeing to escape persecution or danger

A

Refugees

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8
Q

Person who comes to the US without a legal permit

A

Illegal alien

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9
Q

What are the things aliens cannot do?

A

Vote, participate in the military, are not guaranteed the right to travel the US freely

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10
Q

Aliens are required to notify the _______________________ when they change their residence

A

US Citizenship and Immigration Services

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11
Q

The protection that the _________________ guarantees also applies to aliens as well as citizens

A

Bill of Rights

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12
Q

What state cannot deny free public education to children of illegal aliens?

A

Texas

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13
Q

Restricted the admission of Chinese laborers

A

Chinese Exclusion Act

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14
Q

The constitution clearly assigns ___________ the power to control immigration policy

A

Congress

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15
Q

Gave countries such as England and Ireland high quotas until 1965

A

National Origin System

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16
Q

In 1965 the law set up __ categories of immigrants; ______________ and __________________

A

2; Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere

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17
Q

Provided a way for illegal immigrants to become residents and citizens, as well as punishment for employers who hire illegal immigrants

A

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

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18
Q

A general pardon the govt offers to illegal aliens

A

Amnesty

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19
Q

By 1990, 85% of US immigrants were coming from ________ and __________________

A

Asia and Latin America

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20
Q

Latin for law of the soil?

A

Jus soli

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21
Q

Latin for law of the blood?

A

Jus sanguinis

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22
Q

Name the requirements for an alien to become a US citizen

A

pass a citizenship test, learn english, display special skills, be of good moral character

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23
Q

What supreme court case challenged the basis of state citizenship?

A

Scott v. Sanford

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24
Q

What amendment overruled the case of Scott v. Sanford?

A

14th

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25
Q

What are the basic sources of US citizenship?

A

Birth in the US, Naturalization, Birth to at least one US citizen

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26
Q

Aliens who have become naturalized are not eligible to become __________ or ______________

A

President; vice president

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27
Q

Administers most of the key steps to becoming a US citizen

A

US Citizenship and Immigration Services

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28
Q

What requirements must immigrants meet in order to become citizens?

A

Applicants must have entered the United States legally,
They must be of good moral character; They must declare their support of the principles of American government; They must prove they can read, write, and speak English (Applicants older than 50 and have lived in the US for 20 years are exempt from this requirement); They must show some basic knowledge of American history and government; Draft evaders, military deserters, polygamists, anarchists, Communists, or followers of any other totalitarian system will be denied membership

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29
Q

In 1868 Congress decided that the citizenship guarantees of the 14th amendment would not apply to __________________

A

Native Americans

30
Q

Process by which members of a whole group of people living in the same geographic area become American citizens through an act of Congress

A

Collective Naturalization

31
Q

Giving up one’s citizenship by leaving one’s native country for a foreign country

A

Expatriation

32
Q

What are the three ways citizenship can be lost?

A

Through expatriation, being convicted of certain crimes, through denaturalization

33
Q

The loss of citizenship through fraud or deception during the naturalization process

A

Denaturalization

34
Q

An act against the law of a state

A

Crime

35
Q

Guarantees “the right of people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures

A

4th amendment

36
Q

What is the major problem facing democratic political systems?

A

Crimes and criminals

37
Q

A major crime

A

Felony

38
Q

Official document issued by the court which allows police to proceed in a search deemed necessary by probable cause

A

Warrant

39
Q

states that any illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in federal court

A

Exclusionary rule

40
Q

What court case established the exclusionary rule?

A

Weeks v. United States

41
Q

What supreme court case ruled that evidence obtained in violation of a defendant’s rights can be used at trial?

A

Nix v. Williams

42
Q

Fourth amendment protections may be limited in __________________

A

High schools

43
Q

In which case did the supreme court rule that school officials do not need warrants or probable cause to search students or their property?

A

New Jersey v. TLO

44
Q

Rule that states that evidence obtained by illegal means can be used in court if the prosecutor can prove that the evidence would be obtained eventually by legal means

A

Inevitable discovery

45
Q

In which case did the Court rule that as long as the police act in good faith when they request a warrant, the evidence they collect may be used in court even if the warrant is defective

A

United States v. Leon

46
Q

In what case did the supreme court uphold drug tests for student athletes?

A

Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton

47
Q

What supreme court case extended 4th amendment protections by prohibiting wiretapping without a warrant?

A

Katz v. United States

48
Q

Act which required federal, state, and local authorities to obtain a court order for most wiretaps

A

Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

49
Q

Act requiring a court order even for wiretapping and bugging in national security cases

A

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

50
Q

Guarantees the right to have the assistance of counsel for defense”

A

6th amendment

51
Q

First supreme court case dealing with the right to counsel

A

Powell v. Alabama

52
Q

States that no one “shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself”

A

5th Amendment

53
Q

When does the accused have a right to an attorney at the public’s expense from the time of arrest through the appeals process?

A

Whenever a jail sentence of 6 months or more is possible punishment

54
Q

What case overruled the decision of Betts v. Brady?

A

Gideon v. Wainwright

55
Q

What case held that states didn’t have to provide a lawyer in cases not involving the death penalty?

A

Betts v. Brady

56
Q

Protects defendants against confessions to extort by force or violence

A

5th amendment

57
Q

A _________ or other incriminating statements an accused person makes when he or she is denied access to a lawyer may not be used in a trial

A

Confession

58
Q

What case ruled that a suspect’s rights must be clearly stated to the accused before they are taken into custody and questioned?

A

Miranda v. Arizona

59
Q

In what case did the court rule that under adequate guidelines, the death penalty does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment?

A

Gregg v. Georgia

60
Q

What amendment forbids “cruel and unusual punishments”?

A

8th amendment

61
Q

What amendment states that no person shall be “twice put in jeopardy of life and limb”?

A

5th amendment

62
Q

Policies developed to remedy past discrimination

A

Affirmative action

63
Q

The practice of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously

A

Reverse discrimination

64
Q

Which court case ruled that colleges and universities could not use a quota system, although they could consider race in admissions

A

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

65
Q

Made it where the state of california was barred from favoring applicants based on race, gender, ethnicity, or national origin

A

Proposition 209

66
Q

What court case ruled that any law that automatically preferred a father over a mother as executor of a son’s estate violated the 14th amendment?

A

Reed v. Reed

67
Q

What act banned job discrimination based on gender?

A

Civil Rights Act of 1964

68
Q

What strengthened earlier acts on discrimination in hiring and firing, promotion, pay, and other employment actions?

A

Equal Employment Opportunity Act

69
Q

Who was the first Asian American woman elected to Congress and the primary sponsor of Title IX?

A

Patsy Mink

70
Q

Stated: “Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state based on sex.”

A

Equal Rights Amendment

Government (5 decks)

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