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Citizenship and Equal Justice Flashcards

1
Q

A person who lives in a country where he or she is not a citizen

A

Alien

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2
Q

Person who comes to a new country intending to live there permanently

A

Immigrant

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3
Q

US law classifies aliens into _______ different categories

A

Five

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4
Q

Person from a foreign nation who has established permanent residence in the US

A

Resident aliens

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5
Q

Person from a foreign country who expects to stay in the US for a short, specified period of time

A

Non-resident alien

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6
Q

Citizen of a nation with which the US is at war

A

Enemy alien

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7
Q

People fleeing to escape persecution or danger

A

Refugees

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8
Q

Person who comes to the US without a legal permit

A

Illegal alien

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9
Q

What are the things aliens cannot do?

A

Vote, participate in the military, are not guaranteed the right to travel the US freely

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10
Q

Aliens are required to notify the _______________________ when they change their residence

A

US Citizenship and Immigration Services

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11
Q

The protection that the _________________ guarantees also applies to aliens as well as citizens

A

Bill of Rights

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12
Q

What state cannot deny free public education to children of illegal aliens?

A

Texas

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13
Q

Restricted the admission of Chinese laborers

A

Chinese Exclusion Act

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14
Q

The constitution clearly assigns ___________ the power to control immigration policy

A

Congress

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15
Q

Gave countries such as England and Ireland high quotas until 1965

A

National Origin System

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16
Q

In 1965 the law set up __ categories of immigrants; ______________ and __________________

A

2; Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere

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17
Q

Provided a way for illegal immigrants to become residents and citizens, as well as punishment for employers who hire illegal immigrants

A

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

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18
Q

A general pardon the govt offers to illegal aliens

A

Amnesty

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19
Q

By 1990, 85% of US immigrants were coming from ________ and __________________

A

Asia and Latin America

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20
Q

Latin for law of the soil?

A

Jus soli

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21
Q

Latin for law of the blood?

A

Jus sanguinis

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22
Q

Name the requirements for an alien to become a US citizen

A

pass a citizenship test, learn english, display special skills, be of good moral character

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23
Q

What supreme court case challenged the basis of state citizenship?

A

Scott v. Sanford

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24
Q

What amendment overruled the case of Scott v. Sanford?

A

14th

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25
What are the basic sources of US citizenship?
Birth in the US, Naturalization, Birth to at least one US citizen
26
Aliens who have become naturalized are not eligible to become __________ or ______________
President; vice president
27
Administers most of the key steps to becoming a US citizen
US Citizenship and Immigration Services
28
What requirements must immigrants meet in order to become citizens?
Applicants must have entered the United States legally, They must be of good moral character; They must declare their support of the principles of American government; They must prove they can read, write, and speak English (Applicants older than 50 and have lived in the US for 20 years are exempt from this requirement); They must show some basic knowledge of American history and government; Draft evaders, military deserters, polygamists, anarchists, Communists, or followers of any other totalitarian system will be denied membership
29
In 1868 Congress decided that the citizenship guarantees of the 14th amendment would not apply to __________________
Native Americans
30
Process by which members of a whole group of people living in the same geographic area become American citizens through an act of Congress
Collective Naturalization
31
Giving up one's citizenship by leaving one's native country for a foreign country
Expatriation
32
What are the three ways citizenship can be lost?
Through expatriation, being convicted of certain crimes, through denaturalization
33
The loss of citizenship through fraud or deception during the naturalization process
Denaturalization
34
An act against the law of a state
Crime
35
Guarantees “the right of people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures
4th amendment
36
What is the major problem facing democratic political systems?
Crimes and criminals
37
A major crime
Felony
38
Official document issued by the court which allows police to proceed in a search deemed necessary by probable cause
Warrant
39
states that any illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in federal court
Exclusionary rule
40
What court case established the exclusionary rule?
Weeks v. United States
41
What supreme court case ruled that evidence obtained in violation of a defendant’s rights can be used at trial?
Nix v. Williams
42
Fourth amendment protections may be limited in __________________
High schools
43
In which case did the supreme court rule that school officials do not need warrants or probable cause to search students or their property?
New Jersey v. TLO
44
Rule that states that evidence obtained by illegal means can be used in court if the prosecutor can prove that the evidence would be obtained eventually by legal means
Inevitable discovery
45
In which case did the Court rule that as long as the police act in good faith when they request a warrant, the evidence they collect may be used in court even if the warrant is defective
United States v. Leon
46
In what case did the supreme court uphold drug tests for student athletes?
Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
47
What supreme court case extended 4th amendment protections by prohibiting wiretapping without a warrant?
Katz v. United States
48
Act which required federal, state, and local authorities to obtain a court order for most wiretaps
Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
49
Act requiring a court order even for wiretapping and bugging in national security cases
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
50
Guarantees the right to have the assistance of counsel for defense"
6th amendment
51
First supreme court case dealing with the right to counsel
Powell v. Alabama
52
States that no one "shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself"
5th Amendment
53
When does the accused have a right to an attorney at the public's expense from the time of arrest through the appeals process?
Whenever a jail sentence of 6 months or more is possible punishment
54
What case overruled the decision of Betts v. Brady?
Gideon v. Wainwright
55
What case held that states didn't have to provide a lawyer in cases not involving the death penalty?
Betts v. Brady
56
Protects defendants against confessions to extort by force or violence
5th amendment
57
A _________ or other incriminating statements an accused person makes when he or she is denied access to a lawyer may not be used in a trial
Confession
58
What case ruled that a suspect's rights must be clearly stated to the accused before they are taken into custody and questioned?
Miranda v. Arizona
59
In what case did the court rule that under adequate guidelines, the death penalty does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment?
Gregg v. Georgia
60
What amendment forbids "cruel and unusual punishments"?
8th amendment
61
What amendment states that no person shall be "twice put in jeopardy of life and limb"?
5th amendment
62
Policies developed to remedy past discrimination
Affirmative action
63
The practice of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously
Reverse discrimination
64
Which court case ruled that colleges and universities could not use a quota system, although they could consider race in admissions
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
65
Made it where the state of california was barred from favoring applicants based on race, gender, ethnicity, or national origin
Proposition 209
66
What court case ruled that any law that automatically preferred a father over a mother as executor of a son's estate violated the 14th amendment?
Reed v. Reed
67
What act banned job discrimination based on gender?
Civil Rights Act of 1964
68
What strengthened earlier acts on discrimination in hiring and firing, promotion, pay, and other employment actions?
Equal Employment Opportunity Act
69
Who was the first Asian American woman elected to Congress and the primary sponsor of Title IX?
Patsy Mink
70
Stated: "Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state based on sex."
Equal Rights Amendment

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