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Ancient History HSC > Cities of Vesuvius > Flashcards

Cities of Vesuvius Flashcards

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1
Q

The geographical setting and natural features of Campania

A
  • Vesuvius dominates the plain of Campania
  • Phlegraean fields lie behind Puteoli, 15 km wide, consist of aries of creators, pools with boiling mud and vents (fumaroles), sulphur + steam escape
  • Fertile land from MtV.
  • Crescent shaped volcanic plain known as Campania
  • Pompeii is on a volcanic spur formed by an old lava flow, sea breeze from the bay
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2
Q

The eruption of AD 79 and its impact on Pompeii and Herculaneum

A
  • Killed everyone in Pompeii and
    • Herculaneum
    • Asphyxiation
    • Suffocation
    • Crushed
    • Vaporisation
  • Destroyed buildings
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3
Q

Early discoveries and the changing nature of excavations in the 19th and 20th centuries

A
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4
Q

Representations of Pompeii and Herculaneum over time

A
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5
Q

Role of the forum

A
  • Public building associated with administration, religion and commerce
  • Surrounded by double-colonnaded portico in white limestone, featuring standing and equestrian statues honouring the emperor and imperial family
  • 41 standing and 16 equestrian statues are all that remain
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6
Q

Trade

A
  • Imports of: Tableware from northern Italy, Wine from Turkey, Olive oil from Libya and Spain, Garum from Spain
  • Exports of: Garum, Wine, Bronze and metal work
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7
Q

Commerce

A
  • Bustling commercial centre

- 600 shops workshops, bars and inns

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8
Q

Industries

A
  • Large wine, oil and Garum (primary source of income) production
  • Large fishing industry
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9
Q

Occupations

A
  • Bakers

- Clothing makers (Fullonica)

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10
Q

The social structure

A
  1. The elite
  2. Plebs media - wealthy but outside the elite
  3. Plebs humilis - The humblest of the freed
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11
Q

Men (freeborn)

A
  • Could hold political office
  • Wealthy landowners and businessmen
  • Controlled public finances, spaces and religion
  • Privileged seats in the amphitheatre and theatre
  • Received honorary statues and tombs
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12
Q

Women (freeborn)

A
  • Under legal control of their fathers or husbands
  • Could own property
  • Conducted businesses
  • Constructed buildings and tombs
  • Supported electoral candidates
  • Received honorary statues and tombs
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13
Q

Liberti (freedmen)

A
  • Libertus and Liberta
  • Men and women freed from slavery
  • Worked for their former masters
  • Many became wealthy and influential
  • Withheld their relationship with their masters
  • Associated with crafts, trade and commerce
  • Libertus could own businesses and hold formal political office
  • Liberta could not ^
  • Libertus often participated in religious cults
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14
Q

Slaves

A
  • Servi
  • Would help their masters with their businesses, sales, house work e.t.c
  • Large population of P. and H. was from Servi origin
  • Offspring from slaves belonged to their masters
  • Slaves could be manumitted by their masters
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15
Q

Local political life

A

Executive:

  • Two duoviri (responsible for crime, electoral roles e.t.c)
  • Two aediles (administered public and private buildings, maintained roads, regulated markets)
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16
Q

Decuriones

A
  • Legislature (city council) - 100 members (decurions) who were chosen from ex-magistrates
  • Control cities finances and taxation
  • Granted honorific statues and tombs
17
Q

Magistrates

A
18
Q

Comitium

A
19
Q

Housing

A
  • Atrium: Rectangular hall off the Vestibulum, heart of domestic activity, ceremonial and sacred.
  • Ala: Shrine for their family and paterfamilias
  • Cubiculum: small bedroom
  • Culina: Kitchen, found in wealthy homes
  • Exedra: garden room located off the peristyle, used for entertainment, wall paintings show garden themes
  • Peristylium: colonnaded garden, large closed area overlooking the viridarium
  • Taberna: Shop front
  • Tricillium: Dining room, located off the Atrium
  • Vestibulum: Entrance hall
20
Q

Leisure activities

A
  • Gladiators were usually slaves or criminals
  • Helmets, greaves and weapons were found in the gladiator’s barracks. Due to poor recording much evidence was lost.
  • People would gamble on the outcome of the cockfights
21
Q

Food and Dining

A
  • Latrines in wealthy homes were used as a kitchen.
  • Kitchens were commonly mobile in most houses
  • Garum: Fermented mixture of different fish species.
  • Aulus Umbricius Scaurus made and exported garum in P.
  • Small terracotta jars would hold the Garum
  • Takeaway food was common
  • Dolia was used to serve fast food
  • Tricillium was the location of dining inside the Domus
  • Wealthy people would sit and eat whereas poorer people and slaves would stand.
22
Q

Clothing

A
  • Evidence of clothing comes from primarily artistic representations
  • ^ may not be reliable because they may have wanted to be represented differently
  • Status was shown through stripes + colours
  • Women did not wear togas
  • Stola: Long, sleeveless tunic, worn on top of another tunic, worn by women of rank and as a symbol of marriage
  • Palla: Cloak worn over a woman’s head when outdoors.
  • Vittae: Woolen headband
23
Q

Health

A
24
Q

Baths

A
  • Apodyterium: change room
  • Frigidarium: Cold bath
  • Tepidarium: Warm bath
  • Caldarium: Hot bath
  • Palaestra: Exercise areas
  • Marine themed decorations
  • Visitors would also play sports and exercise
  • Therapies: massages, garden walks, music, poetry, reading in the library, conduct business
  • Pornographic graffiti
  • Lamps found in the baths tell us that they may have been open during the night
  • Stabian Baths: Oldest baths in P.
  • Suburban Baths: financed by Marcus nonius Bulbus.
25
Q

Household Gods

A
26
Q

Temples

A
27
Q

Foreign cults and religions

A
28
Q

Tombs

A
29
Q

Influence of Greek and Egyptian cultures: art and architecture

A

Egyptian:
- Frescoes showing Egyptian animals such as hippos found in P.

Greek:

  • Architectural styles
  • Religion included Greek gods
  • Mosaic, found in the triclinium in the House of the Faun, depicts the Greek God Dionysus
30
Q

Pompeian forum project: 1988

A
  • Began because: Plans of the form were inaccurate and incomplete, recorded architectural and decorative remains were rapidly deteriorating
  • Led by John Dobbins
  • Computer mapping
  • AutoCad - electronic surveying devices
31
Q

Herculaneum conservation project: 2000

A
  • Aim to halt the serious decay to Herculaneum so that it can be maintained sustainably
  • Faced major groundwater problems
  • Replaced roofing
  • Introduced safeguarding walls
  • Restoring 20th century reinforced concrete lintels
  • Consolidating wall paintings and bubbling mosaics
  • Identified sustainable methodologies that can be used to conserve the wall paintings, plasters, mosaic and wooden features
32
Q

Issues of conservation and reconstruction (natural)

A
  • Sunlight: discolouration of mosaics, frescoes and wall paintings
  • Water: deterioration, erosion
  • Weeds: Roots undermine the foundations of houses, destabilise walls and buckle, and loosen mosaic floors
  • Birds + insects: Acidic excreta, pecking and eating wooden structures. In 2004 the HCP used falcons to give the impression that they lived their to scare away the birds
33
Q

Poor restoration work

A
  • Soft wood lintels
  • Rusting of iron armatures in concrete: split concrete, collapse of structures
  • Fresco protection: Paraffin wax, perspex cases on mosaics and frescoes create a damp environment - mold
  • Non-expert building firms
34
Q

Looting and poor security

A
  • An Italian preservationist group states that between 1975 and 2000, nearly 600 items were stolen from the sites
  • In 1977, 14 frescoes were cut from walls inside the House of the Gladiators
  • In 1990, a storeroom was robbed of 250 artefacts
  • In 1997, several heads were cut from Pompeian plaster casts by the local Italian mafia
  • In 2000, a fire was set near the house of Iphigenia.
35
Q

Ethical issues (excavation)

A
36
Q

Ethical issues (conservation)

A
37
Q

Ethical issues (Study and display for human remains)

A
38
Q

Value and impact of tourism: problems and solutions

A
39
Q

Sara Bisel

A
  • Calculated the mean heights for the sample from Herculaneum
    • Results indicate that their diets were adequate and allowed for good health during the period of bone growth
  • Soldier
    • Had swords and tools with his skeleton
  • 32% of the male and 11.4% of the female population had suffered some kind of bone trauma
  • Analysis of the teeth
    • Diets contained little sugar
    • Fluoride found in fish was a primary part of their diet - provided protection against tooth decay
    • There were many instances of gum disease and teeth loss prior to their death
  • Vegetables and seafood were the main sources of protein

Ancient History HSC (4 decks)

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