Cities And Urban Land Use Flashcards
Urbanized population
The number of people living in cities
Urbanization
The process by which people live and are employed in a city
Nucleated form of settlement
The type of settlement typical of urban areas in which the settlement is closely grouped around a central area of development
Core area
The center area of development
Dispersed form of settlement
The type of settlement typical of rural areas in which houses are far apart
Threshold
The minimum number of people needed to meet the needs of an industry
Commercialization
The selling of goods and services for profit
Basic industry
A large industry that moves into a city and helps form the city, it is mainly exported to other places ex: movies made in Hollywood
Non- basic industry
Secondary city-serving industries that are established after a cities basic industries they are mainly used by the people in the city ex: grocery stores
Employment structure
The way in which most workers are employed within a city. This structure typically moves from industrial to tertiary to quaternary activities
Post industrial city
A city that specializes in information based work
Deindustrialization
A city’s shift toward more specialized quaternary sector economic activities
Underemployment
A situation that occurs when too many employees are hired and there is not enough work for them
Unincorporated areas
Areas that exist on the fringes of suburbs wi tv only a few families living there today, even though they were once considered urban areas
Hamlets
Areas that may only include a few dozen people and offer limited services
Villages
Areas that are larger than hamlets and have more services
Towns
Areas that consist of 50 to a few thousand people and are considered to be urban areas with a defined boundary
Cities
Large densely populated areas that may include tens of thousands of people
Metropolis
An area that has large populations that are usually focused around one large city
Megalopolis
An area that links together several metropolitan areas to form one huge urban area.
Megacities
Cities that have populations of over 10 million people.
Great cities
Cities that define not only their countries, but also countries in the region, and are the financial capitals in their region.
Urban hierarchy
A hierarchy that puts cities in ranks from small first-order cities upward to fourth-order cities, which are large, world- class cities. The higher the order of the city, the greater the sphere of influence that city possesses on a global scale.
World cities
The most important cities as defined by Saskia Sassen, based on their economic, cultural, and political importance: New York City, London, and Tokyo.
Alpha world cities
Cities in the second tier, which have impressive economic and political clout. These cities include Los Angeles, Chicago, and Washington, D.C., the United States; Frankfurt, Germany; Milan, Italy; Hong Kong, China; and Singapore.
Beta world cities
Cities in the next order after alpha world cities that each have a unique feature within their region. These cities include San Francisco, United States; Sydney, Australia; Toronto, Canada; Zurich, Switzerland; Brussels, Belgium; Madrid, Spain; Mexico City, Mexico; and São Paulo, Brazil.
Gamma world cities
Cities in the next order after beta world cities. These cities include Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dallas, Houston, and Boston in the United States; Melbourne, Australia; Düsseldorf, Germany; Jakarta, Indonesia; Osaka, Japan; Caracas, Venezuela; Geneva, Switzerland; Johannesburg, South Africa; and Prague, the Czech Republic.
Emerging cities
Cities that are experiencing population growth and increasing economic and political clout within their regions.
Getaway cities
Cities that connect two areas and serve as an entry point between them.
Festival landscape
A space within an urban environment that can accommodate a large number of people.
Central business district (cbd).
The commercial center of an urban area.
Bid-rent theory
A theory suggesting that the closer to the central business district, the higher the value of the land, and that only commercial enterprises can afford the land within the central business district.
Shopping mall
A group of retail outlets that either share a roof or are connected by a set of walkways.
Boomburbs
Cities located around major metropolitan areas that see massive growth.
Greenfields
Zones where there is little development. Rush hours: When people travel to work in the morning, usually between 6 and 9 a.m., and then home again between 3:30 and 6:30 p.m.
Grid street system
A system in which streets run east/west and north/south, creating a grid pattern on the landscape.
Suburbs
Residential areas located on the outskirts of a central city that may possess numerous commercial and industrial enterprises.
Utility infrastructure
A system set in place by the government for delivery of electricity, sewer services, and Internet connectivity.
Zoning laws
Laws that determine how land and buildings can be used.
Residential zoning
The system of land-use regulation for housing.
Commercial zoning
The system of land-use regulation for business or retail structures.
Industrial zoning
The system of land-use regulation for the production of materials.
Institutional zoning
The system of land-use regulation for government structures, such as schools, courtrooms, and government offices.
Dendritic
A street pattern that looks like the root system of trees, with streets that curve and meander through the city.
Greenbelts
Rural areas that are set aside to prevent development from extending too far outward.
In-filling
The process of cities that are close to each other merging together.
Urban growth rates
The rates at which individual cities increase their populations.
Squatter settlements
Areas of squalor and extreme poverty.
Latin American city model
A model that shows the characteristics of many cities in Central and South America; many of the high-income residences that extend out from the central business district are gated communities, designed to protect the residents from the crime bred by widespread urban poverty.
Favelas
Squatter settlements in Brazil.
Southeast Asian city model
A model illustrating the typical structure of Southeast Asian cities that shows the importance of the port zone; growth extends outward from the port.
Entrepôts
Areas that reexport goods to all areas of the globe.
Office parks
Agglomerations with shared phone and Internet services and transportation infrastructure. Office parks allow businesses of similar structure and production to locate near each other and experience the benefits of the area’s infrastructure.
Situation
The relationship that a particular location has with the locations around it.
Site
The internal characteristics of a place based on its physical features.
High-tech corridors
Places where microchips can be produced cheaply that use the principle of agglomeration to their benefit. High-tech corridors are instrumental in providing the world with the computer chip equipment needed to run its operations on a daily basis.
Bazaar
A street market in many Islamic cities; sometimes called a suq.
Bazaar
A street market in many Islamic cities; sometimes called a suq.
Colonial cbd
The location of the former headquarters of the colonial government in African cities.
Traditional cbds
The location of the current commercial center in African cities.
Market cbd
The large market area in African cities.
African city model
A model depicting three CBDs with ethnic neighborhoods extending outward from them. Beyond the ethnic neighborhoods are the mining and manufacturing zones, as well as informal towns (squatter settlements).
Social structure
Class structure, such as lower, middle, and upper class.
Class
Demographic category based on economic, social, and cultural factors.
Concentric zone model
A city model established by Robert Park, Ernest Burgess, and Roderick McKenzie suggesting that the lower classes live closest to the central business district, while the upper classes live farther out because they can afford the commute into the city to work.
Peak land value intersection
The area with the greatest land value and commercial value.
A zone in transition
A city zone that is just outside of the central business district and usually contains the slums.
Slums
High-density areas of lower-class citizens who live in substandard housing.
Tenements
Rundown apartment buildings that are minimally kept up by landlords because their value is so low.
Commuter zone
The fifth zone, which is an upper-class residential area, called this because of the number of people who commute either into the city or to other suburbs for work.
Invasion and succession
Burgess’s idea that the central business district would continually expand and push beyond the zones.
Sector model
A city model established by Homer Hoyt in 1939 that is based on class and describes social structure based on transportation systems.
Multiple nuclei model
A city model established by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945 suggesting that urban growth is independent of the central business district.
Edge cities
Large commercial centers that offer entertainment and shopping in the suburbs. Such cities may approach 100,000 in population.
Multiplier effect
The principle that development spurs more development.
Galactic city model
A city model representing a post-industrial city in North America in which a city with growth independent of the central business district is traditionally connected to the central city by means of an arterial highway or interstate.
Keno-capitalism model
A city model based on Los Angeles that suggests that areas are zoned off or even gated off from other zones in the city.
Ethnoburbs
Neighborhoods dominated by a specific ethnic group.
Central place theory
A theory established by Walter Christaller that is based on assumptions of uniform topography, equal transportation systems, and the notion that people will travel the least distance possible to meet their service needs.
Range
The maximum distance that people are willing to go to purchase a product or partake in a service.
Hinterland
The market area of a product.
Market area
The area in which a product, urban area, or commercial outlet has influence.
Census tracts
Geographic areas with about 5,000 people on average; used to determine population for business purposes.
Gravity model
A model that suggests that the greater the sphere of influence a city has, the greater its impact on other cities around it. To determine the degree to which two cities are related, multiply the populations and divide by the square of the distance between the cities.
Rank-size rule
A rule that states that the size of cities within a country will be in proportion to one another.
Primate cities
Cities that have more than twice the population of any other urban area in that country. A primate city is the most important urban area economically, politically, and culturally in its country.
Catacombs
The underground area where the dead were buried for centuries beneath European cities. Such areas made the ground too unstable to support the weight of skyscrapers.
Cityscape
Artwork that shows a city.
Symbolic landscape
An urban landscape that reflects the city’s history and has become synonymous with the city.
Suburbanization
A process by which a population expands from the city center to surrounding, less dense, areas. Underclass: A class made up of people who are excluded from the creation of wealth.
Urban sprawl
The process of growth in which the second-ring suburbs grow and infringe on the surrounding rural areas.
Planned community
An area in which a developer plots out each house and builds an entire development from scratch.
Gated communities
Communities that are gated to ensure that only the residents and their guests are allowed to enter.
New urbanism
The movement to plan communities that are more walkable, rather than automobile dependent, with a diversity of jobs.
Brownfields
Former industrial sites that cities are now attempting to redevelop.
Counter urbanization
The process in which problems of an urban area become so great that people leave.
Decentralization
The distribution of authority from a central figure or point to other sectors in the city.
Centralization
The focusing of power into one authority, usually a mayor or city manager.
Urban hydrology
The way in which a city provides clean water to its citizens, removes dirty water, and purifies water before it is distributed back into the world’s rivers and oceans.
Urban heat island effect
An effect of pollution and congestion that causes a city to create its own heat.
Urban morphology
The street patterns, structures, and the physical form of the city, which combine to cause the urban heat island effect.
Gentrification
The process of wealthy people moving into inner-city neighborhoods.
Post modern architecture
Architecture that blends historical foundations with modern touches.
Modern architecture
Architecture that emphasizes boxy structures, usually made from concrete and glass.
Restrictive covenants
Rules enforced to prevent the economic decline of certain areas.
Blockbusting
A situation that occurs when real estate agents try to induce people of a certain race to sell their homes because of a perception that a different race is moving into the neighborhood.
Racial steering
A situation that occurs when real estate agents show homes only in certain neighborhoods based on the race of the buyers.
Segregation
The separation of races.
Redlining
The refusal of lending institutions to give loans to those in high-risk areas; frequently invoked in neighborhoods with high mortgage default rates.
Zones of abandonment
Areas that no longer have police or fire protection because the city has decided the tax revenue cannot sustain public services to those areas.
Disamenties
Factors that cause people to not want to live in the city.
Walkable city
A city that has options, such as grocery stores, bakeries, butchers, and other services, within walking distance of residences to reduce the need for automobiles, thus reducing pollution and traffic congestion.
