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AP Human Geography > Cities and Urban Land Use > Flashcards

Cities and Urban Land Use Flashcards

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1
Q

Sustainability

A

-using the earth’s resources without doing permanent damage to the environment

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2
Q

Ecumene

A

-the permanently inhabited portion of the earth’s surface

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3
Q

Urbanization

A

-process of developing towns and cities

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4
Q

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

A

-another way to define a city (consists of a city of at least 50,000 people, adjacent counties have a high degree of social/economic integration with urban core)

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5
Q

Micropolitan statistical areas

A

-cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (less than 50,000)

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6
Q

Social heterogeneity

A

-the population of cities, as compared to other areas, contains a greater variety of people (diversity in cultural interests, sexual orientations, languages spoken, professional pursuits, etc)

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7
Q

Borchert’s transportation model-

A

John Borchert developed this model to describe urban growth based on transportation technology (divided urban history into four periods called epochs)

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8
Q

Pedestrian cities

A

-cities shaped by the distances people could walk

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9
Q

Streetcar suburbs

A

-communities that grew up along rail lines

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10
Q

Suburbanization

A

-involves the process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities

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11
Q

Leapfrogging

A

-specific process that encourages sprawl (where developers purchase land and build communities beyond the periphery of the city’s built area)

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12
Q

Edge cities-

A

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities

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13
Q

Counter-urbanization

A

counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities

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14
Q

Exurbanization-

A

when people move from cities to rural areas

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15
Q

Reurbanization-

A

when suburbanites return to live in the city

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16
Q

Megacities

A

-have a population of more than 10 million people (world’s largest cities, rapid growth)

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17
Q

Megalopolis

A

-describes a chain of connected cities (ex: string of cities from Boston, through NYC, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, to Washington DC)

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18
Q

Conurbation

A

-uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities

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19
Q

World city/global city-

A

large cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries(ex: New York, London, Tokyo, Paris)

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20
Q

Urban hierarchy

A

-ranking based on influence or population size

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21
Q

Urban system

A

-an interdependent set of cities that interact on the regional, national, and global scale

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22
Q

Primate city-

A

more developed than other cities in the system, and consequently, disproportionately more powerful (social, political, and economic hub for the system)

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23
Q

Rank-size rule

A

-describes one way in which the sizes of cities within the region may develop (states that “x”th largest city in any region will be 1/x the size of the largest city)

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24
Q

Central place theory-

A

proposed by Walter Christaller, explains the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region; used consumer behavior related to purchasing goods and services to explain the distribution of settlements

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25
Q

Market area

A

zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services

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26
Q

Functional zonation

A

-the idea that portions of an urban area-regions, or zones, within the city- have specific and distinct purposes

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27
Q

Central Business District (CBD)-

A

commercial heart of a city, focus of transportation and services

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28
Q

Residential zone-

A

areas where people live

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29
Q

Concentric zone model/Burgess model

A

-describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a central business district (CBD)

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30
Q

Sector model/Hoyt’s model

A

-described how different types of land use and housing were all located near the CBD early in a city’s history

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31
Q

Multiple-nuclei model

A

-suggested that functional zonation occurred around multiple centers, or nodes

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32
Q

Galactic city model

A

-an original CBD became surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimicked its function (mini-downtowns of hotels, malls, restaurants, and office complexes)

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33
Q

Citadel

A

a fort designed to protect the city

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34
Q

Suqs

A

traditional outdoor markets or covered bazaars

35
Q

Griffin-Ford model-

A

most desirable housing in the city is located there, next to the developed center of the city (often used to describe Latin American cities, places a two-part CBD at the center of the city-a traditional market center adjacent to a modern high-rise center)

36
Q

Periferico

A

-outer ring of the city (poverty, lack of infrastructure, shantytowns)

37
Q

Favelas/barrios

A

-neighborhoods marked by extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness

38
Q

Disamenity zones-

A

areas not connected to city services and under the control of criminals/gangs (often in physically unsafe locations, such as on steep, unstable mountain slopes)

39
Q

Colonial CBD

A

-broad, straight avenues and large homes, parks, and administrative centers

40
Q

Informal economy-

A

thrives with curbside, car-side, and stall-based businesses that often hire people temporarily and do not follow all regulations

41
Q

Periodic markets-

A

where small-scale merchants congregate weekly or yearly to sell their goods

42
Q

Informal settlements-

A

area in city that is less developed and in the periphery; often lack sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage

43
Q

McGee model-

A

describes the land use of many large cities in Southeast Asia, where the focus of the modern city is often a former colonial port zone

44
Q

Zoning ordinance

A

-regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used

45
Q

Urban planning

A

-a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use

46
Q

Inner city-

A

residential areas surrounding the CBD (apartment buildings, townhomes)

47
Q

Filtering

A

-houses pass from one social group to another (usually occurs when people with less wealth move into the houses after wealthier residents move)

48
Q

Urban infill

A

-process of building up underused lands within a city/process of increasing the residential density of an area by replacing open space and vacant housing with residences

49
Q

Suburbanization of business-

A

the movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commutes for employees are shorter

50
Q

Annexation

A

-the process of adding land to a city’s legally defined territory

51
Q

Incorporation

A

-the act of legally joining together to form a new city

52
Q

Bedroom communities-

A

commuter suburbs/commuter towns inhabited by people who drive or take public transport to another city for work (mostly for residential to travel)

53
Q

Public transportation-

A

-buses, subways, light rail, trains (operated by a government agency)

54
Q

Smart-growth (policies)-

A

focuses on city planning and transportation systems of an urban region (goal is to slow sprawl by creating concentrated growth in compact centers)

55
Q

Greenbelts-

A

areas of undeveloped land around an urban area

56
Q

Mixed-use neighborhoods

A

-have a mix of homes and businesses (vibrant, livable, and walkable)

57
Q

Census tract-

A

contiguous geographic regions that function as the foundation of a census (typically consists of between 4,000 and 12,0000 people)

58
Q

Census block-

A

in a densely populated urban area, it is often very small, consisting of a single block bounded by four streets; in suburban and rural areas, because of their lower population densities, a census block typically covers a larger area

59
Q

Redlining

A

-the process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas

60
Q

Blockbusting

A

-when people of an ethnic group sold their homes upon learning that members of another ethnic group were moving into the neighborhood

61
Q

Ghettos-

A

areas of poverty occupied by a minority group as a result of discrimination

62
Q

Scattered site

A

-site in which things are dispersed rather than clustered

63
Q

Municipality

A

-refers to a local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction

64
Q

Eminent domain

A

-allows the government to claim private property from individuals, pay them for the property, and then use the land for the public good

65
Q

Gentrification-

A

the process of converting an urban inner-city neighborhood from a mostly low income, renter occupied area to a predominantly wealthier, owner-occupied area of a city

66
Q

Food desert-

A

urban zones that lack food stores (contribute to health problems, such as obesity and diabetes, for poorer urban residents)

67
Q

Urban canyon-

A

streets lined with tall buildings, can channel and intensify wind and prevent natural sunlight from reaching the ground

68
Q

Urban heat island-

A

an area of a city warmer than surrounding areas

69
Q

Urban wildlife-

A

rats, raccoons, pigeons, etc can thrive in cities, but they can spread diseases and be a nuisance to people

70
Q

Urban redevelopment

A

-involves renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up

71
Q

Big-box retail-

A

stores that sell things in bulk so they are cheaper per unit

72
Q

Consolidation

A

-a government policy which attempts to reduce urban sprawl by increasing the population density in an area

73
Q

Culture of Poverty

A

-a way of living that reflects a lack of income and accumulated wealth

74
Q

New urbanism

A

-a form of growth that is designed in order to limit the amount of urban sprawl and preserve nature and usable farmland

75
Q

Public housing

A

-housing owned by the government and provisioned at low cost to impoverished families

76
Q

Rural

A

-sparsely settled places separated from the influence of large cities

77
Q

Satellite city-

A

when an established town near a very large city grows into a city independent of the larger one

78
Q

Social area analysis

A

uses qualitative and quantitative data in order to gain an overall understanding of the lives and characteristics of people living within urban areas

79
Q

Special Districts

A

-districts that attempt to solve a specific need, such as for public transportation, over a larger region

80
Q

Underclass

A

-people who face social hardships that contribute to their poverty

81
Q

Urban colony

A

-where new residents can be close to religious institutions, stores that sell familiar goods, and friends and relatives who speak their language

82
Q

Urban hearths

A

-areas generally associated with river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soils aided in the production of an agricultural surplus

83
Q

Urban sprawl-

A

the rapid spread of development outward from the inner city

84
Q

Zone of Transition-

A

the first ring surrounding the CBD that includes industrial uses mixed with poorer quality housing

AP Human Geography (3 decks)

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