citations to cite to make ur exam less shite Flashcards
Who did this study of protozoans and wastewater?
Predation was necessary to increase diversity of prey species. The community composition of prey species made them better at aerating the water and processing waste. Predation had a positive effect in DILUTED communities, where there was less of an encounter rate between predator and prey
Burian et al. 2022
Who did the study on damsel and dragonflies with these findings?
non-intraguild species REDUCED infection and intraguild species INCREASED infection by INCREASING the exposure to parasites of the surviving tadpoles.
This DOES make sense as non-intraguild predators just consume the parasite
Rohr et al. 2015
What were the main findings from all the many studies on the humpbacked biodiversity curve?
Only a trend over MANY ecosystems / just anthropogenic ones.
- Varies ecosystem by ecosystem - sometimes positive sometimes negative
- Problematically use many different units as a proxy for this.
- The more functions you consider the more likely species are to have apositive effect
- More studies should focus on trophic levels above plants
What were the findings from the study on german biomass about community composition and groundwater.
Showed a NEGATIVE relationship with plant species and functional group richness but legumes contributed DISPROPORTIONATELY.
Who did this study on fish species density vs functional diversity? hint: SS
Stuart-Smith et al. 2013. Fish species density was a poor predictor for function. In fact, temperate species of fish contributed more individually to ecosystem functions than tropical ones.
Who did that plankton experiment?
Saw which plankton won in green light and which in red light. Green won in red and vice versa. Only co-existed in white
The variability in their pigment colours allowed them to show niche partitioning and reduce competition as there was less niche overlap allowing for coexistence. Also demonstrated the adaptive significance of divergent pigmemtn compositions in phototrophic microorganisms
Stomp et al. 2004
Who first described symbiosis in algae and when? Who actually gave it the name ‘symbiosis?
Simon Schwendener 1869
Albert Frank
Who applied symbiosis to many different living interactions?
Henrich Anton de barry in 1979
Who discovered a 3rd symbiotic partner in algae?
Spribille et al. 2016, yeast for structural shape
Who studies the commensalism of barnacles on whales?
Kim et al. 2020
How do walnut trees show ammensalism?
Walnuts produce toxin julgone which inhibits growth & reproduction of other plants. Main aim of this toxin, however, is just to reduce herbivory. This is a side effect.
Who grew apples with and without AMF to see how they did?
Barbara Mosse
Keymar 2017 found that AMF may rely on the transfer of —– —– and —— more so than glucose from their plant host.
Fatty acids and lipids
Who showed this? Cooperative fungi got more C from the plant
Cooperative plants got more P from the fungi
Kier et al. 2011
Who did this?
Grew grass in different fertilizer / nutrient conditions
- Found negative correlation between no. plant species & nutrients AND hump-backed relationships
Tilman’s grass experiments. Experiments mainly conducted in the 1990s through to the early 2000s
Which paper concluded that productivity is a poor predictor of plant species richness. Hump-backed, U-shaped, positive AND negative relationships ALL exist
Adler et al. 2004
Major forests, especilly tropical,contain POSITIVE biodiversity - productivity relationships. Mixed-species forests are much better than monocultures for forestry praxtices. Who showed this?
Liang et al. 2016
History of complexity & stability:
E—– (1958) argued that simple communities were more vulnerable to disruption and invasion based on his observations of t—— ecosystem.
Mac—– also observed this in A—— ecosystems.
M– challeneged these ideas using r—– communities and found these to be l— stable
Y—– looked at REAL f—- web data and found them generally to be more stable than the random ones.
Elton, terrestrial
Macarthur, American
May, random, less
Yodzis, food
May’s random modelling for stable communities did NOT account for:
- P——
- C——-
- M——-
Allesina and T— found that in natural systems species DO have well-defined interactions and p—-p— relationships ESPECIALLY generated stability - They recognised PAIR-WISE interactions
Predation, competition, mutualisms.
Tang, predator-prey
A—— and Tang:
V—— structure leads to more p——- communities (more predator-prey interactions)
Allesina and Tzng 2016
Vertical structure, persistent
What did Beckerman (1—) discover about trophic cascades?
1. Can be b—– m—— - landscapes of f—
2. Predators - levels away from a process can still have an effect on it
Beckerman 1997, behaviour mediated, landscapes of fear,
4 levels away
Beckerman 1997 - Spiders especially effected processes such as N m——- and ANPP (what does this stand for?)
N mineralization, Annual Net Primary Productivity
B—— 1997 - Sit and wait vs a—- predators had d—— effects on ecosystem processes
active, different
Beckerman 1997 - what did grasshoppers do in response to spider predation? Did this change species richness or species evenness?
Were active at different times of day and moved to more woody and less herbaceous plants, where they would be more camouflaged. This changes species EVENNESS
