Cisco Sonet Flashcards
SONET : optical signals and synchronous frame for multiplexed digital traffic.
ANSI Standards T1.105, 106, 117
SONET defines optical signals and a synchronous frame structure for multiplexed digital traffic. It is a set of standards that define the rates and formats for optical networks specified in ANSI T1.105, ANSI T1.106, and ANSI T1.117.
SONET:
SONET equipment is generally used in North America, and SDH (European version) equipment is generally accepted everywhere else in the world.
SONET:
STS frame format
The frame format used by SONET is the Synchronous Transport Signal (STS), with STS-1 as the base-level signal at 51.84 Mbps.
SONET:
STS-1 frame= OC-1 signal
STS-1 frame can be carried in an OC-1 signal.
SONET:
3 STS-1 signals multiplexed to form STS-3 signal
Multiple lower-level signals can be multiplexed to form higher-level signals.
For example, three STS-1 signals can be multiplexed together to form an STS-3 signal
SONET: Framing
9 rows by 90 bytes
A standard STS-1 frame is nine rows by 90 bytes.
SONET:
Ring Topology
SONET is very widely deployed in telco space, and is frequently used in a ring configuration.
CISCO SWITCHES:
2 Types Fixed/Modular
Cisco offers two types of network switches: fixed configuration and modular switches.
With fixed configuration switches, you cannot swap or add another module, like you can with a modular switch.
CISCO SWITCHES:
(Enterprise Access Layers = Fixed Switches) 2960x Fixed Switch
In enterprise ACCESS layers, you will find fixed configuration switches, like the Cisco Catalyst, 2960-X
CISCO SWITCHES:
(Enterprise Distribution Layer = Fixed ot Modular) 3850x Modular Switch
In the enterprise DISTRIBUTION layer, you will find either “fixed or modular” switches depending on campus network requirements.
An example of a modular switch that can be found in the distribution layer is the Cisco Catalyst 3850-X series.
CISCO SWITCHES:
3850x
This series of switches allows you to select different network modules (Ethernet or fiber optic)
and redundant power supply
CISCO SWITCHES:
3850x = small bus./core layer
3850x = large bus./ access layer
In small businesses without a distribution layer, the 3850-X can be found in the core layer.
In large enterprise networks, you might find 3850-X in the access layer
CISCO SWITCHES:
Core Layer 6500/6800 switches
In the enterprise core layer, you will often find modular switches such as the Cisco Catalyst 6500 or the Catalyst 6800 series.
CISCO SWITCHES:
High Traffic = 4500x
If you have a network where there is a lot of traffic, you have the option to leverage the Cisco Catalyst 4500-X series switches into the distribution layer.
supports supervisor/route process redundancy and 10 Gigabit Ethernet.
CISCO SWITCHES:
All switches are managed
All switches within the 2960-X, 3850-X, 4500-X, and 6800-X series are managed.
This means that you can configure an IP address on the device.
CISCO SWITCHES:
Managed IP can Conn to device with SSH/Telnet to make changes
having a management IP address, you can connect to the device using Secure Shell (SSH) or Telnet and change device settings.
An unmanaged switch is only appropriate for a home or very small business environment.
ROUTERS:
Conn applications across cloud/data center
Seamlessly and securely connect applications across your cloud, data center, and edge locations.
MAC Address:
To figure out where a frame must be sent, the switch will look up its MAC address table.
The switch listens to incoming frames and checks the source MAC addresses.
CISCO Switches:
Layer 2 Ethernet switch operates at the data link layer of OSI
A Layer 2 Ethernet switch operates at the Data Link Layer of the OSI model.
These types of switches make decisions about forwarding frames based on the destination “MAC addresses” found within the frame.
Data Transmission Protocols:
telecommunications, communication protocols are rules that determine the format and transmission of data.
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – used for data transmission. Computers communicate over long distances. The Internet is a packet-switched network
- User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – used by programs to send short datagram messages.
- Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) – messages used for diagnostic or error-generating purposes
MEDIA CONVERTERS:
RS 232
The RS-232 interface standard for serial data communication established by the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA). The original number is EIA-RS-232 (232, RS232 for short).
It is widely used for computer serial interface peripheral connections. Connect cables and mechanical, electrical, signal, and transfer processes.
The data transmission rate specified by the RS-232-C standard is 50, 75, 100, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200 baud per second.
MEDIA CONVERTER:
RS485
half-duplex mode of operation, and only one point can be sent at any time.
The RS-485 serial bus is widely used when the communication distance is required to be several kilometers.
RS-485 uses balanced transmit and differential receive, so it has the ability to reject common-mode interference.
In addition to the high sensitivity, it can detect voltages as low as 200mV, so the transmitted signal can be recovered beyond the kilometer.
MEDIA CONVERTERS:
RS422
Full Duolex
sent and received in differential mode, and no digital ground is required.
Differential operation is the fundamental reason for the long transmission distance under the same rate condition.
RS-422 can work and receive without full-duplex operation through two pairs of twisted pairs.
T1 Connection:
Conn ISP to Internet ‘s infrastructure. carries about 1.5 mbs of data per second,
telecommunications connection used especially to connect Internet service providers to the Internet’s infrastructure.
Bell Labs 1960’s
Full digital, full-duplex exchange of data over traditional wire, coaxial cable, optical fibre, microwave relay, or other communications media.
