Cisco day 1 to day 3 Flashcards
is a collection of network protocols / standards
Ethernet
common language is the purpose of
Network Protocols : Two Standards
Physical Standards :
-connectors and cables
Logical Standards :
-IP ( Internet Protocol )
Speed are measured in
Bits per Seconds
its a value represented by either a 0 or 1
Bit
A series of 8 Bits
Byte
Ethernet Standards : Copper
IEEE 802.3 Standards in 1983
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
10Mbps Speed:
Common name : Ethernet
IEEE Standard : 802.3i
Informal Name : 10Base-T
Maximum Length : 100 meters
100Mbps Speed:
Common name : Fast Ethernet
IEEE Standard : 802.3u
Informal Name : 100Base-T
Maximum Length : 100 meters
1Gbps Speed:
Common name : Gigabit Ethernet
IEEE Standard : 802.3ab
Informal Name : 1000Base-T
Maximum Length : 100 meters
10Gbps Speed:
Common name : 10Gig Ethernet
IEEE Standard : 802.3an
Informal Name : 10GBase-T
Maximum Length : 100 meters
Base refers to
Baseband Signaling
T refers to
Twisted Pair Cabling
4 pairs of wire (8 wires in total) twisted together that helps to protect from EMI (Electromagnetic Interference)
Unshielded Twisted Pairs
UTP Connector
RJ-45 (Registered Jack)
10 Base-T
100 Base-T
use only 2 pairs ( 4 wires )
1000Base-T
10GBase-T
use 4 pairs ( all 8 wires )
for UTP : 10 Base-T AND 100 Base-T on SWITCH :
The Wire will be using is 1,2 & 3,6
1,2 (RX)
3,6(TX)
for UTP : 10 Base-T AND 100 Base-T on PC :
The Wire will be using is 1,2 & 3,6
1,2 (TX)
3,6(RX)
for UTP : 10 Base-T AND 100 Base-T on Router :
The Wire will be using is 1,2 & 3,6
1,2 (TX)
3,6(RX)
Ethernet uses _____ System
Full Duplex system
ROUTER TO SWITCH - CABLE
Straight-Through Cable
PC TO SWITCH - CABLE
Straight-Through Cable
PC TO PC - CABLE
Crossover Cable
SWITCH TO SWITCH - CABLE
Crossover Cable
for UTP : 10 Base-T AND 100 Base-T on Firewall :
The Wire will be using is 1,2 & 3,6
1,2 (TX)
3,6(RX)
it is use to avoid error on what type of cable should be using if either crossover cable or straight through cable
.it adjust the transmit and receive
Auto MDI-X
for UTP 1000 Base-T AND 10G Base-T
Each Pair is “ Bidirectional “
all wires are use
Fiber Optic Connection on a Switch using
SFP Transceiver ( Small Form-Factor Pluggable ) - use to connect Fiber Optic Cable on a Cisco Switch.
Fiber Optic Cable Parts:
- Core - where the LIGHT travels
- Clad - reflects LIGHT
- Protective Buffer
- Outer Jacket
Two Types of Fiber Optic Cable :
- Single Mode
2. Multi-mode
in Multimode Fiber Optic Cable:
- core diameter is wider than single-mode.
- allows multiple angles ( modes ) of light waves to enter the fiber glass core.
- allows longer cables than UTP , But Shorter Cables than Single-Mode Fiber.
- Cheaper than Single-Mode Fiber due to cheaper LED-based SFP Transmitters.
in Singlemode Fiber Optic Cable:
- core diamter is narrower than multimode.
- light enters at a single angle (mode) from a laser based transmitter.
- allows longer cables than both UTP and Multimode fiber.
- More expensive than multimode fiber due to more expensive LASER-based Transmitters
Fiber Optic Cable Standards:
IEEE 802.3 Standards in 1983
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1 Gbps Speed:
Informal Name: 1000Base-LX
IEEE Standard: 802.3z
Cable Type: Multimode or Singlemode
Maximum Length: 550m (MM) AND 5km (SM)
10 Gbps Speed:
Informal Name: 10GBase-SR
IEEE Standard: 802.3ae
Cable Type: Multimode
Maximum Length: 400m
10 Gbps Speed:
Informal Name: 10GBase-LR
IEEE Standard: 802.3ae
Cable Type: Singlemode
Maximum Length: 10km
10Gbps Speed:
Informal Name: 10GBase-ER
IEEE Standard: 802.3ae
Cable Type: Singlemode
Maximum Length: 30km
it categorized and provide structure for a networking protocols and standards.
Networking Model
Two Networking Models :
- OSI
- TCP/IP Suite
a set of “logical” rules defining how network devices and software should work
Protocols
known as Open System Interconnection
- a conceptual model that categorizes and standardizes the different functions in a network
- Created by ISO (Internal Organization for Standardization)
OSI
OSI 7 Layers :
Please Do Not Throw Salami Pizza Away
- Application
- Presentation
- Session
- Transport
- Network
- Data Link
- Physical
this layer is closest to the end user
-interacts with software applications, for example your web browser (Brave, Firefox , Chrome, etc.)
HTTP and HTTPS are example of Layer 7
Application Layer
Function of Application Layer :
Identifying Communication Partners and Synchronizing Communication
the original data is encapsulated inside the additional information which is added on
Encapsulation
the additional information is removed as the data is processed up the stack
De-encapsulation
Encapsulation and De-encapsulation are both example of ?
Adjacent Layer Interaction
The Communication system between application of two different system is called ,
Same-Layer Interaction
its job is to translate between application and network formats because the application layer is in application format it also translate different application formats. it is the Layer 6 of OSI model
Presentation Layer- Translates data to appropriate format
Function of Presentation Layer:
Encryption of data as it sent and De-encryption of data as it is received.
its job is to controls dialogues (Session) between communicating host
it establishes,manages and terminates connections between the local application (ex. your web browser) and the remote application (ex. youtube , facebook).
Session Layer
the top layers or the upper layers of the osi model:
ENCAPSULATION
- application
- presentation
- session
“Segments and Reassembles data” for communications between end host
break large pieces of data into smaller segments which can be more easily sent over the network and are less likely to cause transmission problems if error occurs .
provides “host-to-host” communication also known as “end to end” communication and also process to process communication for applications
Transport - layer 5 - end to end or host to host
has L4 header called “Segment”
- provides connectivity between end host on different networks (ie. outside of the LAN)
- provides logical addressing (IP Addresses).
- provides path selection between source and destination
- routers operate in this layer
Network layer 4
has L4 and L3 header called “Packet”
- provides node to node connectivity and data transfer (for example , PC to Switch , Switch to Router , and Router to Router ).
- defines how data is formatted for transmission over a physical medium ( for example , copper UTP Cables )
- Detects and (possibly) corrects physical layer errors
- uses layer 2 addressing ,separate from layer 3 addressing
- switches operate in this layer
Data Link - layer 2
has L4 , L3 , L2 header and L2 Trailer called “Frame”
Defines physical characteristics of the medium used to transfer data between devices for example voltage levels , maximum transmission distances , physical connectors , cable specifications etc.
Digital bits are converted into Electrical for wired connections or radio ( for wireless connections ) signals
Physical Layer - Layer 1
OSI Protocol Data Unit : Encapsulation
- DATA
- SEGMENT
- PACKET
- FRAME
OSI Protocol Data Unit :De-encapsulation
- FRAME
- PACKET
- SEGMENT
- DATA
Layer 4 PDU
Segment
Layer 3 PDU
Packet
Layer 2 PDU
Frame
Layer 1 PDU
Bit
- conceptual model and set of communications protocols used in the internet and other networks.
- developed by the United States Department of Defense through DARPA ( Defense Advance Research Projects Agency )
- Similar Structure to the OSI Model but with fewer layers
- this is the model actually in use in modern networks
TCP/IP Suite
TCP/IP Layers :
- Application
- Transport
- Internet
- Link
in TCP/IP Model application layer is equivalent to what layers in the OSI Model?
- application
- presentation
- session
in TCP/IP Model internet layer is equivalent to what layers in the OSI Model?
-network
in TCP/IP Model transport layer is equivalent to what layers in the OSI Model?
-transport
in TCP/IP Model link layer is equivalent to what layers in the OSI Model?
- data link
- physical
