CIRDC Flashcards
what type of general signs do we see with CIRDC? are they common?
Common, acute, highly contagious cause of respiratory (eyes, nasal, mouth/naso- pharyngeal) tract signs in dogs
what does CIRDC stand for?
canine infectious respiratory disease complex
other names for CIRDC
Also known as: infectious tracheobronchitis, ‘kennel cough’, ‘canine cough’
why is CIRDC referred to as a ‘complex’?
Often referred to as a ‘complex’ because it is a multi-agent infection
are clinical signs of CIRDC due to only a single pathogen?
Clinical signs can be due to a single pathogen or a combination of pathogens
what ages of dogs will get CIRDC? does age make a difference?
Can occur in dogs of all ages, puppies prone to more severe clinical disease
are any breeds particularly susceptible to CIRDC?
No real breed predilection although brachycephalic breeds may be more susceptible to clinical disease (due to conformation of nasal/naso-pharyngeal passages)
how is CIRDC transmitted?
Transmitted via “social” (nose to nose, mouth to mouth contact), sneezing, coughing, barking…via direct contact & via aerosolised droplets
what agents cause CIRDC?
Multiple agents possible (“complex” of pathogens)
*Bordetella bronchiseptica
*Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPIV)
*Canine Adenovirus 2 (CAD-2)
**Canine Influenza Virus (CIV, H3N2, H3N8)
Canine Herpesvirus
Mycoplasma spp.
Streptococcus spp.
what pathogens commonly cause clinical signs of CIRDC?
*Bordetella bronchiseptica
*Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPIV)
*Canine Adenovirus 2 (CAD-2)
**Canine Influenza Virus (CIV, H3N2, H3N8) can also cause clinical signs, if we suspect this we should test for it
what are the clinical signs of CIRDC due to B. bronchiseptica,
CPIV, CAD-2 complex?
- Acute onset, non-productive hacking cough
- ‘sounds like something is stuck in throat’
- Not a ‘goosehonk’ sound cough (dynamic airway disease)
- May have terminal retching – non-productive
- Often an inducible cough, or a spontaneous cough
- Worse with exercise & activity
- Nasal or ocular discharge
- Submandibular lymphadenopathy
- Maybe a mild pyrexia
- Mild – moderate lethargy
- Mild – moderate decreased appetite
- Severe cases: progress to pneumonia -> harsh lung sounds, pyrexia, dyspnea+/-cyanosis
Clinical signs of CIRDC due to CIV, H3N2, H3N8. What are the different forms and their signs?
- Subclinical form: minimal/absent clinical signs
- *Mild upper respiratory tract form: pyrexia, cough, nasal discharge, sneezing, anorexia, lethargy
- Severe form: mild (above) + life threatening pneumonia possibly leading to death
with CIV, H3N2, H3N8 CIRDC, what’s different from the B. bronchiseptica + CPIV + CAD-2 complex?
A: may be clinically distinguishable/clinical suspicion increases when: cough persisting for up to 21 days, pyrexia, mucopurulent nasal discharge, lethargy, inappetence
Risk factors for CIRDC?
- Boarding facilities, doggy daycares, grooming facilities, dog parks, dog shows, dog sporting events, behaviour & training classes, puppy classes, breeding facilities, pet stores
- Taking a sick dog to the park (!)
- Taking a dog diagnosed with CIRDC to socialise with other dogs (!)
- Drinking from communal water bowls at parks, cafes, restaurants
- Fomites transmission for CIV possible e.g. humans who contact infected dogs -> on hands & clothes (also caution for other CIRDC pathogens)
- Stress from other disease process…places individual dog at higher risk
- Unvaccinated dogs
when can B. bronchseptica + CPIV + CAD-2 CIRDC pathogens be shed? when are dogs contagious?
- B. bronchseptica + CPIV + CAD-2: pathogens can be shed before dogs show clinical signs. Once with clinical signs shedding typically last 7-10 days, therefore typically contagious for 7-10 days
what is the incubation time for CIV CIRDC? when is peak shedding? how long do clinical signs last and how long are they contagious for?
CIV: incubation time 1-5 days after exposure. Peak shedding occurs 2-4 days after infection & often before clinical signs are obvious. Clinical signs can last 2-4 weeks, dogs are typically considered contagious for up to 4 weeks
how can we treat B.bronchiseptica+CPIV+CAD-2 complex?
- Cough control/suppression/symptomatic relief: anti-tussive treatment when needed (e.g. butorphanol, codeine, hydrocodone, dextromethorphan, ‘cough elixir’). Clinical Tip: mix with ice-cream or yoghurt J. Contraindicated if cough is productive in nature.
- Swap out collar/lead for a harness instead: decreased pressure around the trachea
- Ensure eating and hydrated: offer soft food
- Antibiotic treatment generally not required unless you suspect pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection, severe secondary bacterial infection
- Consider antibiotics if fever, lethargy, inappetence is present with mucopurulent discharge
- In uncomplicated cases: cough will be self limiting in 7-14 days
- Keep infected/symptomatic dog away from other dogs! This also limits dog’s activity -> which may be a trigger for coughing!
- No need for hospitalisation. At home is treatment sufficient
do we generally use antibiotics for B.bronchiseptica+CPIV+CAD-2 complex? when should we consider using them?
- Antibiotic treatment generally not required unless you suspect pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection, severe secondary bacterial infection
- Consider antibiotics if fever, lethargy, inappetence is present with mucopurulent discharge
in uncomplicated B.bronchiseptica+CPIV+CAD-2 complex cases, how long will cough last ?
- In uncomplicated cases: cough will be self limiting in 7-14 days
how do we treat CIV, H3N2 H3N8 cases? how long will coughing last?
-In mild, uncomplicated forms: supportive care as previous slide
* Cough should be self limiting in uncomplicated/ otherwise well dogs but can last for 2-4 weeks
* Nebulisation can help: helps to moisten & warm nasal passages/airways to allow dislodgement of muco-purulent discharge
* Game changer when severe form involving lower respiratory tract clinical signs: hospitalisation, oxygen therapy, IV fluids, radiographs, treat any secondary bacterial ds, isolate from other dogs while in hospital…
how do we treat CIV, H3N2 H3N8 cases? how long will coughing last?
-In mild, uncomplicated forms: supportive care as previous slide
* Cough should be self limiting in uncomplicated/ otherwise well dogs but can last for 2-4 weeks
* Nebulisation can help: helps to moisten & warm nasal passages/airways to allow dislodgement of muco-purulent discharge
* Game changer when severe form involving lower respiratory tract clinical signs: hospitalisation, oxygen therapy, IV fluids, radiographs, treat any secondary bacterial ds, isolate from other dogs while in hospital…
