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Topic 1: Lifestyle health and risk > Circulatory Systems > Flashcards

Circulatory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A
  • diffusion is the net movement of molecules or ions from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration by relatively slow random movement of molecules
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2
Q

What is the definition of mass transport system?

A
  • mass transport is the bulk movement of gases or liquids in one direction, usually via a system of vessels and tubes.
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3
Q

What does mass transport systems help to do?

A
  • mass transport systems help to bring substances quickly (efficiently) from one exchange site to another
  • maintain diffusion gradients at exchanges sites and between cells and their fluid surroundings
  • ensure effective cell activity by supplying reactants and removing waste products
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4
Q

What is mass flow?

A
  • the movement of fluids down a pressure gradient
  • (substances are moved efficiently over long distances by mass flow)
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5
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A
  • open circulation when there are no vessels to contain the blood and it flows freely through cavities of the body
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6
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A
  • closed circulation allows blood to flow through vessels inside the body, such as arteries and veins
  • this generates higher blood pressure as blood is forced to fit through fairly narrow channels
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7
Q

What happens in a single circulatory system of a fish?

A
  • in a single circulatory system of a fish, the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills
  • gaseous exchange takes place in the gills: there is diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood into the water that surrounds the gills and diffusion of oxygen from this water into the blood within the gills
  • the blood leaving the gills then flows round the rest of the body before eventually returning to the heart
  • (the blood flows through the heart once for every complete circuit)
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8
Q

What happens in a double circulatory system?

A
  • the right ventricle of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it receives oxygen
  • the oxygenated blood then returns to the heart to be pumped a second time (by the left ventricle) out to the rest of the body
  • blood flows through the heart twice for every complete circuit
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9
Q

List the order in which blood would pass through the different vessels in a closed circulatory system from the heart

A
  1. blood leaves the heart under pressure
  2. then flows along arteries
  3. then arterioles (small arteries) to capillaries (capillaries come into close contact with most cells in body where substances are exchanged between blood and cells)
  4. after passing through capillaries, blood returns to heart by means of venules (small veins)
  5. and then veins
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10
Q

What are the advantages of a double circulatory system?

A
  • pressure of blood stays quite high = it can flow faster around the body
  • higher metabolic rates as oxygen and food substances required for metabolic processes can be delivered more rapidly to cells
  • blood leaving the heart to travel to the body is rich in oxygen which is essential for the high-energy demands of birds and mammals
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11
Q

Do unicellular organisms need a circulatory system?

A
  • unicellular organisms do not need a circulatory system because oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse across their body and into the external environment
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12
Q

Suggest why animals with closed circulatory systems are normally larger in size and more active than those with open circulatory systems?

A
  • larger animals have higher metabolic rates
  • they have small surface area to vol ratio
    their diffusion rates are not sufficient so they need a sufficient system
  • a closed circulatory system allows the blood to be pumped around the body efficiently and faster to meet these requirements
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13
Q

Why might some organisms have no circulatory system?

A
  • organisms with no circulatory system have no metabolic rate
  • have a large surface area to volume ratio so diffusion rate is sufficient for their needs
  • are unicellular
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14
Q

Why might some organisms need an open circulatory system?

A
  • organisms with a low metabolic rate
  • organisms with a large surface area to volume ratio so sufficient diffusion rate between blood and cells of O2/ CO2
  • e.g. in crabs, crickets, lobsters
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15
Q

What does a closed circulatory system do?

A
  • generates higher blood pressure = blood can travel faster = more efficient at delivering substances
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16
Q

What circulatory system do humans have? How does it work?

A
  • humans have a closed, double circulatory system
  • the right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange (this is the pulmonary circulatory system)
  • blood then returns to the left side of the heart, so that oxygenated blood can be pumped at high pressure around the body (this is the systemic circulatory system)
17
Q

What protects the heart in the chest cavity?

A
  • it is protected in the chest cavity by the pericardium, a tough and fibrous sac
18
Q

How are the left and right sides of the heart separated? Why is this important?

A
  • the left and right sides of the heart are separated by a wall of muscular tissue called the septum
  • the septum is very important for ensuring blood doesn’t mix between the left and right sides of the heart
19
Q

What are the names of the AV valves on the right and left sides of the heart?

A
  • the right atrium and right ventricle are separated by an atrioventricular valve knowns as the tricuspid valve
  • the left atrium and left ventricle are separated by another AV valve known as the bicuspid valve
20
Q

What are the names of the right and left sides of the semilunar valves called?

A
  • the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery are separated by a semilunar valve known as the pulmonary valve
  • the left ventricle and aorta are separated by another SL valve known as the aortic valve
21
Q

What organisms have a closed circulatory system?

A
  • organisms with a high metabolic rate
  • organisms with a small surface area to volume ratio
  • they do not efficient diffusion rates so an efficient system is needed
22
Q

How do single celled organisms gain oxygen and glucose? (the reactants for metabolism)

A
  • single celled organisms can gain oxygen and glucose directly from their surroundings, and the molecules can diffuse to all parts of the cell quickly due to short diffusion distances
23
Q

What medium do metabolic reaction takes place in?

A
  • water is the medium in which all metabolic reactions take place in cells and in which all substances are transported around the body
24
Q

What is water composed of?

A
  • water is composed of atoms of hydrogen and oxygen
  • one atom of oxygen covalently bonds with two atoms of hydrogen (shares electrons)
25
Q

Why is the sharing of electrons uneven between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in water? How does this make it dipole?

A
  • the sharing of the electrons is uneven between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms
  • the oxygen atom attracts the electrons more strongly than the hydrogen atoms, resulting in a weak negatively charged region on the oxygen atom O- and a week positively charged region on the hydrogen atom H+
  • this separation of charge due to the electrons in the covalent bonds being unevenly shared is called a dipole
26
Q

What does dipole refer to?

A
  • dipole refers to the separation of charges between two covalently bonded atoms
27
Q

What are polar molecules? Are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A
  • When a molecule has one end that is negatively charged and one end that is positively charged, it is said to be a polar molecule
  • water is a polar molecule
  • polar molecules are hydrophilic
28
Q

Why is water good at transporting substances?

A
  • waters dipole nature makes it good at transporting substances
  • the polar nature of water gives water properties that make it good at transporting substances
  • water is cohesive
  • water is a solvent
29
Q

What is cohesion? What allows good cohesion between water molecules?

A
  • cohesion is the attraction of water molecules to each other
  • hydrogen bonds between water molecules allow for strong cohesion between water molecules
30
Q

What is adhesion? How does this happen in water molecules?

A
  • adhesion refers to the binding or attraction between dissimilar molecules
  • water is also able to hydrogen bond to other molecules, this is known as adhesion
31
Q

What allows water to flow easily?

A
  • the forces of cohesion and adhesion within a body of water and between water and its surroundings means that water flows easily
  • water molecules pull other water molecules along due to cohesion
  • water adheres to the sides of a vessel due to adhesion
32
Q

What properties do polar molecules have? What properties do non polar molecules have?

A
  • polar molecules are charged, they are hydrophilic, they are soluble, (they can be dipole)
  • non polar molecules are not charged, they are hydrophobic, they are insoluble, (they cannot be dipole)
33
Q

why is water being a solvent important?

A
  • because water is a polar molecule many ions will dissolve in it
  • this happens by water surrounding charged particles; the positive parts of water attracting to negatively charged particles and the negative parts of water are attracted to positively charged particles
  • the surrounded molecules break apart
  • the ions surrounded by water molecules have dissolved
  • this allows chemical reactions to occur within cells as the dissolved solutes are more chemically reactive when they are free to move about
34
Q

What are metabolites? How can they be transported?

A
  • metabolites are a chemical substance involved in metabolism
  • they can be transported efficiently in a dissolved state
35
Q

What is the role and importance of hydrogen bonding in transporting water?

A
  • it allows water molecules to stick together/ cohesion of water molecules
  • hydrogen bonds form between other molecules and water/ adhesion to sides/ lining of transport vessels
36
Q

Explain the dipole nature of water molecules?

A
  • covalent bonding occurs between an oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms
  • electrons are shared unequally between an oxygen atom and hydrogen atom
  • oxygen has a greater electronegative charge (than hydrogen)
  • therefore oxygen attracts electrons from hydrogen towards its nucleus
  • therefore oxygen is slightly negative and hydrogen is slightly positive
  • water is therefore a polar molecule

Topic 1: Lifestyle health and risk (8 decks)

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