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Physiology Credit II > Circulatory System Pathophysiology - PP > Flashcards

Circulatory System Pathophysiology - PP Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the circulatory system:

A
  • To carry digested food/water/electrolytes from the small intestine to all areas in the body which need it
  • To carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
  • To aid in the disposal of all wastes of the body
  • To distribute heat
  • To fight diseases by using white blood cells to fight off infections.
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2
Q

Arteries (general):

A
  • Carry blood away from the heart always.
  • Have thick muscular wall
  • Have a pulse
  • Deep under the skin
  • Have no valves
  • Arteries branch at their ends, into tiny arterioles those then join capillaries
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3
Q

Veins (general):

A
  • Carry blood to the heart
  • Have thin walls
  • Don´t have a pulse
  • Near surface of the skin
  • Have valves to stop back-flow of blood
  • Veins branch at their beginnings into tiny venules which joins capillaries
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4
Q

Arteries (more detailed):

A

The walls (outer strucutre) of arteries contain smooth muscle fibre that contract and relax under the instructions of the sympathetic nervous system.

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5
Q

Arterioles:

A

Arterioles are tiny branches of arteries that lead to capillaries. These are also under the control of the sympathetic system, and constrict and dialte, to regulate blood flow.

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6
Q

Capillaries:

A

Capillaries are tiny blood vessles, of approximately 5-20 micro-meters diameter. There are network of capillaries in most of the organs and the tissues of the body. These capillaries are supplied with blood by arterioles and drained by venules. Capillary walls are only one cell thick, which permits exchange of material between the contents of the capillaries and the surrounding tissue.

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7
Q

Venules:

A

Venules are minute vessles that drain blood from capillaries to veins. Many venules unite to form a vein.

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8
Q

Veins (detailed):

A

The walls of the veins consist of three layers of tissues that are thinner and less elastic that the corresponding layers of arteries. Veins include valves that aid the return of blood to the heart by preventing blood from flowing in the reverse direction.

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9
Q

What instrument is used to check the blood pressure?

A

Sphingomanometer

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10
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure is the blood pressing against the blood vessle walls. Sphingomanometer is used to check the blood pressure.

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11
Q

How does the pressure varies along the circuit?

A

The pressure varies along the circuit: decreasing from artery to arteriole to capillary to venule to vein.

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12
Q

Where is the pressure the highest?

A

Pressure is highest at the start of the artery and lowest at the entrance to the atrium.

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13
Q

The blood pressure in aorta compared to the pulmonary artery:

A

The blood pressure is higher in aorta than in the pulmonary artery.

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14
Q

Blood pressure:

A

The measures of a persons blood pressure is taken at a large artery in the upper arm. It is the pressure needed to stop blood flow in this artery and is measured at diastole and systole. Standards healthy readings are 80mm Hg diastolic, 120 m Hg systolic.

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15
Q

What are the standards healthy readings for blood pressure?

A

Standards healthy readings are 80mm Hg diastolic, 120 m Hg systolic.

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16
Q

MAP

A

MAP is a term used in medicine to describe an average blood pressure in an individual. It is defined as the average arterial pressure during a single cardia cycle

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17
Q

CO

A

Cardiac output

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18
Q

SVR

A

Systemic vascular resistance

19
Q

CPV

A

Central venous pressure

20
Q

MAP in practice:

A
  • In practice, MAP is not determined by knowing the CO and SVR, but rather by direct or indirect measurements of arterial pressure.
  • From the aortic pressure trace over time, the shape of the pressure trace yields a mean pressure value (geometric mean) that is less than the arithmetic average of the systolic and diastolic pressures.
21
Q

DP

A

Diastolic pressure

22
Q

SP

A

Systolic pressure

23
Q

PP

A

Pulse pressure

24
Q

How is MAP at high heart rates?

A

At high heart rates MAP is more closely approximated by the arithmetic mean of SP and DP because of the change in shape of the arterial pressure

25
Q

Pulse pressure

A
  • Pulse pressure is the pressure felt when feeling the pulse. - The pressure difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure is the pressure change to create the pulse.
  • If resting blood pressure is (systolic/ diastolic) 120/80 millimeters of mercury (mmHg), pulse pressure is 40.
26
Q

Normal MAP values? What happens if the MAP falls below the normal?

A
  • MAP is normally between 70 to 110 mmHg.
  • If the MAP falls below this number for an appreciable time, vital organs will not get enough Oxygen perfusion, and will become ischemic.
27
Q

High blood pressure = ?

A

Hypertention = arterial hypertention

28
Q

Hypertension or high blood pressure:

A

Hypertension or high blood pressure, also called arterial hypertension, is a chronic medical condition with elevated the blood pressure in the arteries.

29
Q

How is the blood pressure is determined?

A

Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood the heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in the arteries

30
Q

What are the values for hypertention (arterial hypertention/high blood pressure):

A

If resting blood pressure is consistently 140/90 mm Hg or higher, the patient has high blood pressure.

31
Q

What values are within the prehypertensive category?

A

A reading in between these levels (121-139/81-89 mmHg) places in the prehypertensive category.

32
Q

What are the risks of uncontrolled high blood pressure?

A

Uncontrolled high blood pressure can increase risk of stroke, heart adack, heart failure and kidney failure. Fortunately, high blood pressure can be detected with a simple test.

33
Q

Essential (idiopathic) hypertension or primary hypertension:

A
  • In 90-95 % of high blood pressure cases, there’s no identifiable cause.
  • This type of high blood pressure is called essential (idiopathic) hypertension or primary hypertension.
34
Q

In what way does the primary hypertention differ from the secondary hypertention?

A

It differs from secondary hypertension, in which the increased pressure results from another underlying condition, such as:
kidney disease, adrenal disease, thyroid disease, abnormal blood vessels, preeclampsia (a significant increase in blood pressure during the last three months of pregnancy), or sleep apnea.

35
Q

What is secondary hypertention?

A
  • The cause of secondary hypertension also can be medications, including birth control pills, cold remedies, decongestants, over-the-counter pain relievers and some prescription drugs, or illegal drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines.
  • This type of hypertension may have a more rapid onset and cause higher blood pressure than does primary hypertension, which tends to develop gradually over many years.
36
Q

What are the 4 risk factors of blood pressure that can not be controlled?

A
  • Age
  • Race
  • Sexa
  • Family history
37
Q

What are the high blood pressure risk that can be controlled or managed?

A
  • Obisety
  • Inactivity
  • Tobacco use
  • Sodium sensitivity and salt inntake
  • Low potassium inntake
  • Excessive alcohol
  • Stress
38
Q

What is the cause of metabolic syndrom?

A

High blood pressure

39
Q

What is a risk factor for atherosclerosis?

A

Hypertension is a risk factor for clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis since it is a risk factor for atherosclerosis itself.

40
Q

Describe the process arteriosclerosis or “hardening of the arteries”:

A

Healthy arteries are flexible, strong and elastic. Their inside lining is smooth so that blood can flow unrestricted. But, over time, too much pressure in arteries can make the walls thick and stiff, sometimes restriction blood flow to the organs and tissues. This process is called arteriosclerosis or “hardening of the arteries.„

41
Q

What is the most common form of arteriosclerosis?

A

Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis.

42
Q

Chest pain

A

Angina

43
Q

TIA:

A

transient ischemic adack (TIA)

44
Q

Bulge in the wall of artery = ?

A

Atherosclerosis can also lead to a bulge in the wall of artery (aneurysm).

Physiology Credit II (8 decks)

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