circulatory system & diseases and immunity Flashcards
to understand these topics for your future exams and tests
Name the blood vessel that takes in and blood away from heart
Vena cava,Aorta
Which blood vessel aree able to withstand blood at high pressure and carry blood form heart to other organs
Arteries
Whats diffffernce between RBC and WBC
RBC smaller and has hemoglobin WBC phagocyte has a squgally nucleas lymophocyte has a round nucleas
Explain the effects of physical activity on the heart
Muscles need more oxygen during exercise, so the heart pumps faster and harder. More blood is sent with each beat to keep up with demand. Over time, a stronger heart works more efficiently, lowering blood pressure and the risk of heart disease.
What are the two types of white blood cells?
Phagocytes and lymphocytes
Describe how a blood clot is formed
USALLY IN CAPPILERY
(blood vessel wall damaged)
- Platelets activated.
- Platelets release a chemical that turns fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble)
- From the mesh around the wound
- Activated platelets and red blood cells stick to mesh and form a clot.
What’s the purpose of a blood clot?
It stops blood coming out and prevents pathogens from going in
State three ways of measuring heart rate
- Using your wrist or like your pulse.
- ECG.
- Listen to heart rate.
State the order of heart structures and blood vessels a red blood cell would pass through if it started in the aorta and made it way around one tire circulation.
Aorta
Arteries
Capillaries (in the body)
Veins
Vena cava
Right atrium
Atrioventricular valve
Right ventricle
Semilunar valve
Pulmonary artery
Capillaries (in the lungs)
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Atrioventricular valve
Left ventricle
Semilunar valve
Aorta (cycle repeats)
What’s a blood clot called?
thrombosis
Which pathogen does a malaria carrie
Protest
Which pathogen does a measle carry?
Virus
Which pathogen does food poisoning carry?
Bacteria
Which pathogen does athletes foot carry?
Fungal
Give me the whole Phagocytosis process
- Pathogens enter the body the pathogens are the same type so they have same antigens under their surface they start to reproduce.
- Pathogen comes into contact with lymphocytes lymphocytes have antibodies on their surface lymphocytes with antibodies that match with the antigen become activated.
- Activated lymphocytes start making copies of themselves.
- The lymphocytes release a lot of antibodies into the blood antibodies have a complimentary shape to the pathogen.
- The antibodies attach to the pathogens to cause them to clumo together.
- The clump of pathogens is destroyed by a second type of white blood cell which is called a phagocyte. It involves the clump and digest using enzymes.
- Then results are produced which will remember the antigen and produce antibodies quicker if the pathogen enters again.
What do vaccines contain?
Dead or weak pathogens, maybe some antibodies and parts of the pathogen
Name some transmissible disease
Flu Covid chlamydia, HIV, and measles
Name some non-transmissible diseases
Diabetes, cancer, depression stroke and heart disease
What ways can transmissible disease spread?
Contact, breathing it in, food, water, airborne, blood, animals
What is osmosis?
Osmosis the movement of water molecules from a higher water potential to a lower water potential across partially Premable membrane.
Explain how cholera causes diarrhoea
Bacteria Enter the Body
Vibrio cholerae bacteria enter through contaminated water or food.
Reach the Small Intestine
The bacteria survive stomach acid and attach to the intestine wall.
Bacteria Secrete a Toxin
The bacteria secrete (release) a toxin that affects the intestinal cells.
Chloride Ions Move Out
The toxin causes the intestinal cells to release too many chloride ions into the intestine.
Osmosis Causes Water Loss
Water moves out of the cells into the intestine by osmosis, following the chloride ions.
Severe Diarrhea & Dehydration
The body loses too much water, leading to diarrhea and dehydration.
Explain why humans have a double circulatory system which have a single circulatory system
Humans – Double Circulatory System
- Blood passes through the heart twice in one full circulation.
- Two circuits:
1. Pulmonary circulation – heart → lungs → heart (to pick up oxygen).
2. Systemic circulation – heart → body → heart (to deliver oxygen).
- Blood is pumped at a higher pressure, so oxygen is delivered quickly to the body.
- Needed because humans are larger and more active, requiring more energy.
Fish – Single Circulatory System
- Blood passes through the heart once in one full circulation.
- One circuit: heart → gills (to pick up oxygen) → body → heart.
- Blood moves at a lower pressure, so it travels more slowly.
- This works for fish because they are smaller and need less energy than humans.
Describe the effect of physical activity on your heart
During exercise, the heart beats faster, blood pressure rises, and breathing increases. More oxygen reaches the muscles, and waste like carbon dioxide is removed. Over time, the heart gets stronger, and resting heart rate lowers.
