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AP2 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three methods of exchange between capillaries and the body cells?

A
  • Diffusion (Concentration)
  • Transcytosis (Awkward molecule movement)
  • Bulk flow (Pressure gradient)*

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2
Q

How does the rate of diffusion compare to the rate of bulk flow.

A

Diffusion is slower due to its delicate and particular nature.

S#90

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3
Q

_________ is usually present in arterial blood in higher concentrations and ________ is usually found in higher concentrations in the interstitial fluid.

A

Oxygen , Carbon Dioxide

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4
Q

What qualities of capillaries found in the brain block many substances from passing through the BBB?

A
  • Very tight junctions
  • Endothelial cells very closely packed together

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5
Q

Which parts of the brain lack BBB and allow capillary exchange to occur more freely?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pineal gland
  • Pituitary gland

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6
Q

Method of movement used to transport large lipid insoluble molecules across capillary walls.

A

Transcytosis

  • Insulin
  • Antibodies

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7
Q

Passive process by which large amount of fluid moves into and out of capillaries rapidly

A

Bulk Flow

S#95

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8
Q

What are the two pressure driven mechanisms of Bulk Flow

A
  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption

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9
Q

Pressure driven movement of fluid and solutes from blood within the capillaries into interstitial fluid

A

Filtration

  • Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)
  • Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)

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10
Q

Pressure driven movement of fluids and solutes from the interstitial fluid/space into blood

A

Reabsorption

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

S#96

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11
Q

Balance of the filtration and reabsorption pressures

A

Net filtration Pressure (NFP)

S#97

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12
Q

What does the NFP measure?

A

Determines whether volumes of blood and interstitial fluid remain steady or change on BOTH the arterial and venous end of the capillary

S#97

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13
Q

Volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed is near the volume of fluid and solutes filtered.

A

Frank Starling’s law of the capillaries

S#97

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14
Q

NFP Formula

A

S98

(BHP + IFOP) 
Promotes filt.
     minus
(BCOP + IFHP)
Promotes reab.
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15
Q

What value will a NFP that promotes filtration have?

A

S98

Positive

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16
Q

What does a negative NFP promote?

A

S98

Reabsorption

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17
Q

Pressure blood exerts against blood vessel walls.

“pushes” fluid/certain solutes out of capillaries into interstitial space

A

S99

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure.

Usually 35mmHg at arterial end

Usually 16mmHg at venous end

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18
Q

Where is fluid pulled due to IFOP?

A

Out of capillaries into interstitial fluid.

Normally small pressure, 1mmHg
small amounts of protein in interstitial fluid

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19
Q

“Pull” fluid/certain solutes from interstitial spaces into capillaries

A

S100

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Usually 26mmHg

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20
Q

“Pushes” fluid/certain solutes out of interstitial spaces back into capillaries

A

Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure

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21
Q

What is indicative of a IFHP > 0 mmHg?

A

Pathological process

S#100

22
Q

Fluid moves out of capillary and into interstitial spaces

Arterial end

A

Filtration

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23
Q

Fluid moves from interstitial fluid into capillaries

Venous end

A

Reabsorption

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24
Q

Concerning bulk flow, what percentage of fluids/solutes filtered out of the capillaries are reabsorbed?

A

On average ~ 85%

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25
Q

What percentage of fluids/solutes escape from the blood and enter the lymphatic capillaries?

A

~ 15% (That eventually returns to the blood.)

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26
Q

Plays large part in returning nutrients from gastrointestinal tract back into circulation.

A

The lymphatic system

S#104

27
Q

What do superficial portions of the skin, the CNS,

endomysium, and bones have in common?

A

They all lack nearby lymphatic drainage.

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28
Q

Where do the lower portion of the body, left side of the head/neck, left arm and left side of the thorax all drain into?

A

The large thoracic lymphatic duct.

S# 105

29
Q

What venous junction does lymph from the large thoracic duct empty into?

A

the junction of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein

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30
Q

A mathematical equation describing blood flow and its relationship to known parameters.

A

Poiseuille’s equation.

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31
Q

Which five variables influence blood flow and pressure?

A
  • Cardiac Output
  • Compliance
  • Volume of blood
  • Viscosity of blood
  • Blood Vessel length and diameter

2(C) 3(V)

S#114

32
Q

Measurement of blood flow from the heart through the ventricles.

A

Cardiac Output

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33
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

CO=Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)

Usually measured in milliliters per minute.

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34
Q

The ability of any compartment to expand to accommodate increased content

A

Compliance

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35
Q

Of the two types of circulation which can expand to hold more volume, making them more compliant? (Arteries or veins)

A

Veins

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36
Q

What results from the reduction of compliance due to the hardening of arteries?

A
  • Increase resistance to blood flow
  • Increase Blood pressure
  • Decrease flow rate

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37
Q

What is directly proportionate to pressure and flow?

A

Blood volume

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38
Q

What effect on blood volume are expected with the following conditions and why?
heart failure, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease

A

Hypervolemia ; due to retention of salt and water.

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39
Q

Define Blood viscosity.

A

Thickness of fluid

S#118

40
Q

What are the 4 main components of blood?

A

RBC’s (Solid)
WBC’s (Solid)
Platelets (Solid)
Plasma (Fluid)

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41
Q

Blood viscosity is directly proportional to ___________ and inversely proportional to ___________.

A

Resistance / Flow

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42
Q

Vessel length is directly proportional to _____________

A

Resistance ; Increased vessel length = increased resistance and therefore decreased flow rate

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43
Q

What must remain constant in order for diameter to be inversely proportional to resistance?

A

Volume

S#120

44
Q

If an artery or arteriole constricts to 1/2 its original radius, how much will resistance increase?

A

16x’s

S# 120

45
Q

What can flow (Q) be related to?

A
  • Cross-sectional area (A)
  • Linear velocity of flow (V)

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46
Q

Where is velocity the slowest?

A

Capillaries ; have the greatest aggregate cross-sectional area but the smallest diameter

S# 122

47
Q

Which type of vessel has the greatest surface area if laid out and dissected length-wise?

A

123

Capillaries

48
Q

Arrange the following vessels from greatest to least cross sectional area.

Aorta, vena Cava, and capillaries.

A
  1. Capillaries (4500-6000cm2)
  2. Vena Cava (14cm2)
  3. Aorta (3-5cm2)

Velocity (#3,2,1)

S#124

49
Q

Where is greatest velocity and least greatest velocity of flow found in a vessel?

A
  • Greatest velocity of flow is in the center of the vessel
  • Lowest velocity is near the vascular wall

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50
Q

Caused by shear stress produced as blood flows past stationary wall

A

Streamlining

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51
Q

What are Whorls, Vortices, Eddies all characteristics of?

A

Turbulent blood flow.

S#126

AP2 (1 decks)

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