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Structure and Function > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Circulatory System

A
  • Vascular (with vessels)
    • Cardiovascular system
      • Closed circuit
      • Heart = pump
      • Arteries (high pressure)
        • Valves prevent retrograde flow
        • Arterial elastic fibers > pressure for flow
      • Veins (low pressure)
        • Valves prevent retrograde flow
        • External pressure (skeletal muscle contraction)
    • Lymphatic system
      • Blood plasma exits capillaries > interstitial fluid > drawn to lymphoid system
      • Lymph vessels
        • Valves
          • One-way flow
        • Nodes
          • Filter
      • Not in teeth, bone marrow, CNS (excess fluid drains into CSF)
  • Non-vascular
    • Fluids that move between vascular and extra-vascular space
    • Examples:
      • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      • Aqueous humor of the eye
      • Endolymph-perilymph of the ear
      • Synovial fluid in joints
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2
Q

Cardiovascular Circulation

A
  • 2 pumps
    • Right heart
    • Left heart
  • 2 circuits
    • Pulmonary
      • R ventricle > pulmonary artery (deoxy but away from heart)
      • CO2 for O2 at lungs
    • Systemic circulation
      • L ventricle > pulmonary vein (oxy but towards heart)
      • O2 for CO2 at capillary beds
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3
Q

Blood Vessel Layers

A
  • Tunica intima
    • Simple squamous endothelium
    • Capillaries only have tunica intima and basement membrane
  • Tunica media
    • Vascular smooth muscle cells
    • Various thickness and makeup
  • Tunica adventitia
    • Outer connective tissue layer
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4
Q

Arteries

A
  • Arteries (15% of blood)
    • High pressure
    • Large elastic arteries
      • Recoils
      • Aorta, aortic arch branches (brachiocephalic, subclavian, common carotid), pulmonary trunk arteries
    • Medium sized muscular arteries
      • Majority of arteries
      • Vasoconstriction regulates blood flow (thermoregulation)
      • Brachial, femoral
    • Small arteries and arterioles
      • Smooth muscle tonus > filling
      • High smooth muscle tonos > hyptertension
    • Disease
      • Arteriosclerosis
        • Hardening of arteries
        • Arterial walls thicken > lose elasticity
      • Atherosclerosis
        • Buildup of plaques (fatty cholesterol) and calcium deposits > arteries become narrow and irregular (coronary arteries)
        • Plaques damage walls and form thrombi > infarction
          • MI
          • CVA
          • Gangrene
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5
Q

Capillaries

A
  • Capillaries (5%)
    • Site of substance exchange between blood and tissue interstitial fluid:
      • Oxygen
      • Waste
      • Nutrients
    • Arterial end
      • Upstream pressure > substances (except protein) out of blood > EC space
    • Venous end
      • Osmotic pressure > interstitial fluid reabsorbed into blood (because higher protein concentration within capillary)
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6
Q

Veins

A
  • Veins (60% of blood) capillaries > venules > veins
    • Low pressure
    • More variable and numerous than arteries
    • Valves prevent retrograde flow
      • Not all veins have valves
    • Venous congestion
      • Prolonged standing > decrease venous return at lower extremities > elevate feet
    • Largest veins
      • Superior vena cava
      • Inferior vena cava
    • Medium veins
      • Cephalic
      • Basilic
      • Saphenous
    • Venae comitantes
      • Surround arteries in branching network > arterial blood warm veins > countercurrent heat exchangers
      • Common vascular sheath (dense CT) around veins and arteries > veins compressed with heart beat > arteriovenous pump
      • Skeletal muscle contraction > compresses vein against dense CT > musculovenous pump
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7
Q

Blood Vessel Arrangement:

Typical vs Variations

A

Typical Arrangement of Blood Vessels

  • Heart-artery-arteriole-capillary bed-venule-vein-heart

Arrangement Variations

  • Portal systems
    • Artery-arteriole-capillary-portal venule/vein/arteriole-capillary-venule-vein
  • Anastomoses
    • Communications between neighboring blood vessels > detours/alternate routes
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8
Q

Portal System

A
  • Portal systems
    • Artery-arteriole-capillary-portal venule/vein/arteriole-capillary-venule-vein
    • 2 capillary beds separated by a vein or artery
    • Types (DO NOT NEED TO KNOW CAPILLARY BED NAMES)
      • Hepatic Portal Vein
        • Intestine/gut capillaries
          • Delivers oxygen and nutrients
          • Uptakes digested/absorbed substances from food
        • Liver capillaries (sinusoids)
          • Process and detoxify substances before use
      • Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal Vein
        • Hypothalamus capillaries
        • Anterior pituitary capillaries
      • Renal Arterial Portal System
        • Glomerulus capillaries (in renal cortex)
        • Peritubular (renal cortex) or vasa recta (medulla)
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9
Q

Anastomoses:

ARTERIAL

“actual”,“potential”, “terminal arteries”

VENOUS

ARTEROVENOUS

A
  • Communications between neighboring blood vessels > detours/alternate routes
  • Collateral route to shunt blood to evade an obstruction
  • Arterial anastomoses (art-art)
    • “Actual” arterial anastomoses
      • Palmar arches
        • Allen’s Test
          • Compress radial and ulnar artery > pale
          • Normal: release one > color
          • Abnormal: release one > still pale
        • Hemorrhaging facial artery (ie lip)
          • Compress both sides of facial artery > stop bleeding
      • Plantar arches
      • Circle of Willis
      • Intestinal arcades
      • Labial branches of facial arteries
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10
Q

Anastomoses:

ARTERIAL

“actual”, “potential”,“terminal arteries”

VENOUS

ARTEROVENOUS

A
  • Potential” arterial anastomoses
    • Partial or gradual occlusion > gradual arterial dilation > collateral path has time to develop
      • Reversal of blood flow common
    • Sudden occlusion > no time to develop > ischemia > cell death
    • Around joints of limbs
      • Elbow
      • Wrists
      • Shoulder (arteries in scapular region)
        • Blood flow reaches upper limb despite occlusion of axillary artery via:
          • Dorsal scapular artery
          • Suprascapular artery
          • Subscapular artery via *circumflex scapular artery
    • Postductal Coarcation of the Aorta
      • Collateral pathway develops in utero > intercostal arteries
      • “Costal notching” in radiographs
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11
Q

Anastomoses:

ARTERIAL

“actual”, “potential”, “terminal arteries”

VENOUS

ARTEROVENOUS

A
  • End arteries aka terminal arteries
    • “True” end arteries
      • No anastomoses
      • Examples:
        • Terminal end artery of retina > blindness
        • Cerebral circulation
        • Interlobular arteries of real cortex
        • Vasa recta of the intestines
    • “Functional” end arteries
      • Anastomoses occur but inadequate
      • Atherosclerosis > some small anastomoses but inadequate > occlusion = MI > cell death
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12
Q

Anastomoses:

ARTERIAL

“actual”, “potential”, “terminal arteries”

VENOUS

ARTEROVENOUS

A
  • Venous anastomoses
    • Venae cava and azygos vein
      • Azygos vein
        • Collateral route between superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
    • Dorsal arches of the hand and foot
    • Portal-caval (portal systemic) DON’T NEED TO KNOW NOW
      • Anastomoses between hepatic portal vein and inferior vena cava
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13
Q

Anastomoses:

ARTERIAL

“actual”, “potential”, “terminal arteries”

VENOUS

ARTEROVENOUS

A
  • Arterio-venous anastomoses (AVA or AV shunts)
    • Examples:
      • Nose-lips-external ear
      • Mucosa of the nose
      • Alimentary canal
      • Erectile tissue of sexual organs
    • Lose/retain body heat via small arterioles in dermis (thermoregulation)
      • Hot > capillary dilation > lost heat > skin red (erythema)
      • Cold > capillary constriction > retain heat > skin blue (cyanosis)
        • Trade off – less oxygen/nutrients to skin
          • Raynaud’s Phenomenon
      • AVA regulation:
        • Thermoneutral > sympathetic vasoconstriction
        • Cold/stress > arteriolar vasospasm > decrease blood flow to skin > GREATER sympathetic vasoconstriction
    • Frostbite
      • AVA regulation:
        • Less volume of warm blood reaches superficial capillaries
        • Cold > vasoconstriction > skin exposed to cold too long > skin receives less oxygen and nutrition > necrosis
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14
Q

Function of Cardiovascular System Summary

A
  • Transportation
    • Oxygen from lungs
    • Waste from kidneys
    • Nutrients from alimentary tract > liver
    • Hormones from endocrine > target tissue
  • Thermoregulation
    • Cutaneous shunts
    • Metabolic processes + muscle contraction > body heat
    • Autonomic regulation > homeostasis > dissipate heat at skin via capillaries
      • AV shunts to retain heat (divert from capillaries)
    • Venae comitantes
      • Thermal countercurrent exchange (heat transfer)
      • Reduce heat loss without reducing blood volume
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15
Q

Lymphatic System

A
  • Blood plasma though capillaries into EC tissue > interstitial fluid
  • Lymphatic capillaries drain tissues of:
    • Excess interstitial fluid
    • Leaked plasma proteins
    • Cell debris
    • Infection
  • One-way towards heart via pressure gradients and valves
  • Deep lymph with major blood vessels
  • Superficial lymph at skin (and drains deep lymph)
  • Pathway:
    • Capillary bed > lymphatic capillaries > afferent lymph vessel > lymph node (filters lymph via phagocytosis/immune response) > efferent lymph vessel > lymphatic duct (thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct) > circulation (jugular and subclavian vein junction)
    • Right lymphatic duct
      • Drains right upper half of body
    • Thoracic lymphatic duct
      • Drains right lower half of body and whole left side of body into left venous angle (L subclavian and LIJ junction)
  • Immune response:
    • Lymph nodes have many mature lymphocytes
    • Infection > lymphocyte activation + antibodies > released to L venous angle > venous circulation to reach site of infection
  • Dietary fat (chyle) absorption
    • Via lacteals (lymphatic capillaries) in intestine
  • Terms:
    • Lymphadenopathy
      • Enlarged lymph nodes
        • Inflammation
        • Lymphogenous metastasis of cancer
    • Lymphadenitis
      • Inflammation of lymph nodes
    • Lymphangitis
      • Inflammation of lymph vessels
    • Lymphedema
      • Accumulation of interstitial fluid when lymph is not drained
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16
Q

Anastomoses:

ARTERIAL

“actual”, “potential”,“terminal arteries”

VENOUS

ARTEROVENOUS

Shoulder (arteries in scapular region)

  • Blood flow reaches upper limb despite occlusion of axillary artery via:
    • Dorsal scapular artery
    • Suprascapular artery
    • Subscapular artery via *circumflex scapular artery
  • NORMAL
A
17
Q

Anastomoses:

ARTERIAL

“actual”, “potential”, “terminal arteries”

VENOUS

ARTEROVENOUS

Shoulder (arteries in scapular region)

  • Blood flow reaches upper limb despite occlusion of axillary artery via:
    • Dorsal scapular artery
    • Suprascapular artery
    • Subscapular artery via *circumflex scapular artery

X OCCLUSION AT FIRST PART OF AXILLARY ARTERY

A
18
Q

Anastomoses:

ARTERIAL

“actual”, “potential”,“terminal arteries”

VENOUS

ARTEROVENOUS

Shoulder (arteries in scapular region)

  • Blood flow reaches upper limb despite occlusion of axillary artery via:
    • Dorsal scapular artery
    • Suprascapular artery
    • Subscapular artery via *circumflex scapular artery

OCCLUSION AT THIRD PART OF AXILLARY ARTERY, DISTAL TO SUBSCAPULAR ORIGIN

A
19
Q

Anastomoses:

ARTERIAL

“actual”, “potential”, “terminal arteries”

VENOUS

ARTEROVENOUS

Shoulder (arteries in scapular region)

  • Blood flow reaches upper limb despite occlusion of axillary artery via:
    • Dorsal scapular artery
    • Suprascapular artery
    • Subscapular artery via *circumflex scapular artery

OCCLUSION AT THE BRACHIAL ARTERY, DISTAL TO PROFUNDA BRACHII ORIGIN

A
20
Q
A

Structure and Function (15 decks)

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