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honors anatomy and physiology > circulatory system > Flashcards

circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

right side of the heart

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2
Q

oxygenated blood

A

left side of the heart

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3
Q

flow of blood through the heart

A

deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava => right atrium contracts when full=> blood passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle=> right ventricle contracts and pumps blood to the pulmonary artery by way of the pulmonary semilunar valve=> blood goes to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated=> blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium =>when the left atrium is full, it contracts and blood passes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle=> oxygen rich is blood is pumped out of the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve through the aorta to major arteries…body tissues

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4
Q

what controls the flow of blood in one direction?

A
  • four sets of one way valves located at the entrances and exits of the ventricles
  • AV bicuspid and tricuspid valves
  • aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
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5
Q

stenosed valves

A

valves are narrow slowing blood flow from chamber

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6
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

flaps of mitral (bicuspid) valve extend back into the left atrium causing backflow of blood into the atrium when the ventricle contracts

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7
Q

circulation patterns

A

systemic and pulmonary

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8
Q

systemic circulation

A

describes blood flow from the left ventricle of the heart, through all parts of the body, and back to the right atrium

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9
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

describes the flow of blood from the right ventricle, to the lungs and back to the left atrium

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10
Q

artery

A
  • a vessel that carries blood away from the heart

- the wall of an artery is thick and muscular to serve its function of transporting blood to the capillaries

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11
Q

capillaries

A
  • microscopic vessels that carry blood from small arteries to small veins
  • they have very thin walls which allows for the exchange of gases (CO2 and O2)
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12
Q

veins

A
  • carry blood toward the heart

- they have thin walls and have one way valves that prevent the backflow of blood

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13
Q

how is the heart muscle itself nourished?

A

coronary arteries (left and right) and coronary veins

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14
Q

coronary arteries (left and right)

A
  • supply blood to the cells of heart muscle
  • first branches off the aorta
  • both ventricles receive their blood supply from branches of right and left coronary arteries
  • most abundant supply goes to the left ventricle (more mass)
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15
Q

coronary (cardiac) veins

A

blood for the heart muscle flows from coronary arteries, to capillaries, to coronary veins, and empties into the right atrium

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16
Q

congestive heart failure

A
  • left ventricle can’t keep up due to muscle weakness or hypertension
  • blood will back up into the lungs
  • eventually fluid seeps into tissues resulting in pulmonary edema
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17
Q

varicose veins

A

enlarged veins where blood tends to pool rather than continue to the heart

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18
Q

aneurysm

A

section of the artery has become abnormally wide bc of weakening arterial wall

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19
Q

cerebral vascular accident (CVA)

A
  • stroke

- lack of O2 to the brain caused by ruptured aneurysm or embolism

20
Q

ischemia

A

lack of O2 to heart cells

21
Q

angina pectoris

A
  • severe chest pain due to lack of O2

- nitroglycerin dilates blood vessels, increases blood flow and O2

22
Q

myocardial infarction

A
  • heart attack
  • death of cardiac cells
  • frequently caused by a blood clot (coronary thrombosis)
  • permanent damage
23
Q

atherosclerosis

A
  • “hardening” of the arteries due to lipid buildup
24
Q

angioplasty

A
  • mechanical opening of the atherosclerotic artery

- balloon pushes plaque back to restore blood flow

25
Q

stent

A

a tiny mesh tube that looks like a spring

26
Q

murmur

A

abnormal heart sound due to faulty valves

27
Q

what 4 things s the conduction system of the heart composed of?

A
  1. sinoatrial (SA) node
  2. atrioventricular (AV) node
  3. AV bundle
  4. Purkinje system
28
Q

SA node

A
  • located in the right atrium near the junction with superior vena cava
  • w out any stimulation form the brain or spinal cord, cells in the SA node initiate impulses (action potentials) at regular intervals
  • impulse travels from SA node throughout both atria
  • atria begin to contract
  • the SA node fires 70-80 times a minute
29
Q

AV node

A
  • located at the base of the right atrium

- delays the conduction so both atria contract while ventricles are relaxed

30
Q

AV bundle

A
  • group of connecting fibers in the septum between the ventricles
  • bundle forms 2 branches, left and right, that carry impulses (action potential) down the septum to the apex of the heart
31
Q

Purkinje fibers

A
  • at the apex, carry action potential up and around the ventricle walls so the ventricles contract together
32
Q

ECG (electrocardiogram)

A
  • graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity (conduction of impulses)
  • not a record of the heart’s contraction, but electrical events that precede them
33
Q

P

A
  • impulse from SA node through atria (depolarization of atria)
  • precedes atrial contraction
34
Q

QRS

A
  • repolarization of the atria (returning to resting) and depolarization of the ventricles
  • impulse is traveling through the AV bundle and Purkinje fibers
35
Q

T

A
  • repolarization of the ventricles

- represents resting period of the ventricles

36
Q

tachycardia

A
  • very rapid heart rhythm
    >100 beats per minute
  • normal: stress
  • abnormal: blood loss, shock, drugs, fever, toxins
37
Q

bradycardia

A
  • slow heart rhythm
    <50 beats per minute
  • normal: slight is normal during sleep and for athletes
  • abnormal: damaged SA node
38
Q

fibrillation

A
  • cardiac muscle fibers contract out of step w each other

- affected heart chambers do not effectively pump blood

39
Q

normal blood pressure

A

120/80

40
Q

systolic pressure

A

force with which blood is pushing against artery walls when ventricles are contracting

41
Q

diastolic pressure

A

force of the blood when the ventricles are relaxed

42
Q

high blood pressure (hypertension)

A

BP> 140/90; can raise risk for heart disease and stroke

43
Q

primary hypertension

A

no single known cause

44
Q

secondary hypertension

A
  • “because of”

- result of kidney disease, hormone problems, oral contraceptives, pregnancy

45
Q

risk factors for hypertension

A

genetics, gender (males higher), race (African-Americans higher), age, high stress, obesity, high levels of alcohol, high levels of caffeine, smoking, lack of exercise

46
Q

warning signs of myocardial infarction

A
  • persistent or recurring pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain in chest
  • discomfort in other areas of upper body (one/both arms, back, neck)
  • shortness of breath
  • cold sweat, nausea, lightheadedness

honors anatomy and physiology (1 decks)

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