circulatory system

Question 1

deoxygenated blood

Answer 1

right side of the heart

Question 2

oxygenated blood

Answer 2

left side of the heart

Question 3

flow of blood through the heart

Answer 3

deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava => right atrium contracts when full=> blood passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle=> right ventricle contracts and pumps blood to the pulmonary artery by way of the pulmonary semilunar valve=> blood goes to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated=> blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium =>when the left atrium is full, it contracts and blood passes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle=> oxygen rich is blood is pumped out of the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve through the aorta to major arteries…body tissues

Question 4

what controls the flow of blood in one direction?

Answer 4

• four sets of one way valves located at the entrances and exits of the ventricles
• AV bicuspid and tricuspid valves
• aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves

Question 5

stenosed valves

Answer 5

valves are narrow slowing blood flow from chamber

Question 6

mitral valve prolapse

Answer 6

flaps of mitral (bicuspid) valve extend back into the left atrium causing backflow of blood into the atrium when the ventricle contracts

Question 7

circulation patterns

Answer 7

systemic and pulmonary

Question 8

systemic circulation

Answer 8

describes blood flow from the left ventricle of the heart, through all parts of the body, and back to the right atrium

Question 9

pulmonary circulation

Answer 9

describes the flow of blood from the right ventricle, to the lungs and back to the left atrium

Question 10

artery

Answer 10

• a vessel that carries blood away from the heart

- the wall of an artery is thick and muscular to serve its function of transporting blood to the capillaries

Question 11

capillaries

Answer 11

• microscopic vessels that carry blood from small arteries to small veins
• they have very thin walls which allows for the exchange of gases (CO2 and O2)

Question 12

veins

Answer 12

• carry blood toward the heart

- they have thin walls and have one way valves that prevent the backflow of blood

Question 13

how is the heart muscle itself nourished?

Answer 13

coronary arteries (left and right) and coronary veins

Question 14

coronary arteries (left and right)

Answer 14

• supply blood to the cells of heart muscle
• first branches off the aorta
• both ventricles receive their blood supply from branches of right and left coronary arteries
• most abundant supply goes to the left ventricle (more mass)

Question 15

coronary (cardiac) veins

Answer 15

blood for the heart muscle flows from coronary arteries, to capillaries, to coronary veins, and empties into the right atrium

Question 16

congestive heart failure

Answer 16

• left ventricle can’t keep up due to muscle weakness or hypertension
• blood will back up into the lungs
• eventually fluid seeps into tissues resulting in pulmonary edema

Question 17

varicose veins

Answer 17

enlarged veins where blood tends to pool rather than continue to the heart

Question 18

aneurysm

Answer 18

section of the artery has become abnormally wide bc of weakening arterial wall

Question 19

cerebral vascular accident (CVA)

Answer 19

• stroke

- lack of O2 to the brain caused by ruptured aneurysm or embolism

Question 20

ischemia

Answer 20

lack of O2 to heart cells

Question 21

angina pectoris

Answer 21

• severe chest pain due to lack of O2

- nitroglycerin dilates blood vessels, increases blood flow and O2

Question 22

myocardial infarction

Answer 22

• heart attack
• death of cardiac cells
• frequently caused by a blood clot (coronary thrombosis)
• permanent damage

Question 23

atherosclerosis

Answer 23

• “hardening” of the arteries due to lipid buildup

Question 24

angioplasty

Answer 24

• mechanical opening of the atherosclerotic artery

- balloon pushes plaque back to restore blood flow

Question 25

stent

Answer 25

a tiny mesh tube that looks like a spring

Question 26

murmur

Answer 26

abnormal heart sound due to faulty valves

Question 27

what 4 things s the conduction system of the heart composed of?

Answer 27

1. sinoatrial (SA) node 2. atrioventricular (AV) node 3. AV bundle 4. Purkinje system

Question 28

SA node

Answer 28

- located in the right atrium near the junction with superior vena cava - w out any stimulation form the brain or spinal cord, cells in the SA node initiate impulses (action potentials) at regular intervals - impulse travels from SA node throughout both atria - atria begin to contract - the SA node fires 70-80 times a minute

Question 29

AV node

Answer 29

- located at the base of the right atrium | - delays the conduction so both atria contract while ventricles are relaxed

Question 30

AV bundle

Answer 30

- group of connecting fibers in the septum between the ventricles - bundle forms 2 branches, left and right, that carry impulses (action potential) down the septum to the apex of the heart

Question 31

Purkinje fibers

Answer 31

- at the apex, carry action potential up and around the ventricle walls so the ventricles contract together

Question 32

ECG (electrocardiogram)

Answer 32

- graphic record of the heart's electrical activity (conduction of impulses) - not a record of the heart's contraction, but electrical events that precede them

Question 33

P

Answer 33

- impulse from SA node through atria (depolarization of atria) - precedes atrial contraction

Question 34

QRS

Answer 34

- repolarization of the atria (returning to resting) and depolarization of the ventricles - impulse is traveling through the AV bundle and Purkinje fibers

Question 35

T

Answer 35

- repolarization of the ventricles | - represents resting period of the ventricles

Question 36

tachycardia

Answer 36

- very rapid heart rhythm >100 beats per minute - normal: stress - abnormal: blood loss, shock, drugs, fever, toxins

Question 37

bradycardia

Answer 37

- slow heart rhythm <50 beats per minute - normal: slight is normal during sleep and for athletes - abnormal: damaged SA node

Question 38

fibrillation

Answer 38

- cardiac muscle fibers contract out of step w each other | - affected heart chambers do not effectively pump blood

Question 39

normal blood pressure

Answer 39

120/80

Question 40

systolic pressure

Answer 40

force with which blood is pushing against artery walls when ventricles are contracting

Question 41

diastolic pressure

Answer 41

force of the blood when the ventricles are relaxed

Question 42

high blood pressure (hypertension)

Answer 42

BP> 140/90; can raise risk for heart disease and stroke

Question 43

primary hypertension

Answer 43

no single known cause

Question 44

secondary hypertension

Answer 44

- "because of" | - result of kidney disease, hormone problems, oral contraceptives, pregnancy

Question 45

risk factors for hypertension

Answer 45

genetics, gender (males higher), race (African-Americans higher), age, high stress, obesity, high levels of alcohol, high levels of caffeine, smoking, lack of exercise

Question 46

warning signs of myocardial infarction

Answer 46

- persistent or recurring pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain in chest - discomfort in other areas of upper body (one/both arms, back, neck) - shortness of breath - cold sweat, nausea, lightheadedness