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SF1.08 Circulatory System (SEIDEN) > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

The three parts of the circulatory system:

A
  1. Non-vascular circulation
  2. Cardiovascular system
  3. Lymph vascular system
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2
Q

Non-vascular circulation:

A
  • Fluid leaves vascular system, passes through extravascular space, re-enters vascular system.
    • e.g. CSF, synovial fluid
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3
Q

Cardiovascular system:

A
  • Two-way system: from heart to tissues, from tissues to heart.
  • Heart serves as pump.
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4
Q

Lymph vascular system:

A
  • One-way system: from tissues to heart
  • No intrinsic pump.
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5
Q

The only direction of flow in the lymph vascular system is:

A

toward the heart

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6
Q

The only structure in which exchange between blood and tissue occurs is:

A

capillaries

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7
Q

Movement of fluid in the low pressure veins of the cardiovascular system is aided by:

A
  • externally generated pressure.
    • e.g. compression from nearby contracting skeletal muscles.
  • valves allow flow in only one direction.
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8
Q

What veins of the cardiovascular system do not have valves?

A
  • veins of the portal system.
  • veins communicating between the veins of the face and scalp and dural venous sinuses within the skull.
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9
Q

Pathway of cardiovascular system:

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. Right ventricle
  3. Pulmonary arteries
  4. Lungs
  5. Pulmonary veins
  6. Left atrium
  7. Left ventricle
  8. Systemic arteries [gut - portal vein - liver - hepatic vein]
  9. Body tissues
  10. Systemic veins
  11. Right atrium
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10
Q

What vein is in between the gut and the liver?

A
  • portal vein
  • connects capillaries to capillaries
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11
Q

What vein is in between the liver and the systemic veins?

A
  • hepatic vein
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12
Q

Why do the portal and hepatic veins exist?

A
  • Nutrients absorbed by blood passing through the gut needs to be detoxified.
  • Portal vein brings blood from the gut to the liver.
  • Liver detoxifies blood.
  • Purified blood re-enters circulation via the hepatic vein.
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13
Q

Steps in the detoxification of nutrients absorbed in the gut:

A
  1. Nutrients absorbed by blood passing through the gut.
  2. Portal vein brings blood from the gut to the liver.
  3. Liver detoxifies blood.
  4. Purified blood re-enters circulation via the hepatic vein.
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14
Q

What is the only vein that connects to capillaries?

A
  • portal vein
  • all of veins connect capillaries to the heart
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15
Q

Pathway of the lymph vascular system:

A
  1. extracellular space
  2. lymph capillaries
  3. lymphatic vessels
  4. lymph nodes
  5. lymphatic vessels
  6. systemic veins
  7. heart
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16
Q

The lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and thorax, the left upper limb and everything below the diaphragm drains into the:

A
  • thoracic duct
    • drains into junction of left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein.
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17
Q

The lymph from the right side of the head, neck and thorax and right upper limb drains into the:

A
  • right lymphatic duct
    • drains into junction of right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein.
18
Q

What drains into the thoracic duct?

A
  • lymph from:
    • left head, neck, thorax, upper limb
    • everything below the diaphragm

WHITE

19
Q

What drains into the right lymphatic duct?

A
  • lymph from:
    • right head, neck, thorax upper limb

GRAY

20
Q

Lymph from thoracic duct drains into:

A
  • junction of left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein.
21
Q

Lymph from right lymphatic duct drains into:

A
  • junction of right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein.
22
Q

Role of lymph nodes:

A
  • filter lymph:
    • trap diseased cells, abnormal cells, and foreign cells
    • contain lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system which attack these trapped cells.
23
Q

The two vessels surrounding lymph nodes:

A
  1. afferent lymphatic vessels
    • bring lymph into node
  2. efferent lymphatic vessels
    • carry lymph away from node
24
Q

The three functions of the cardiovascular system:

A
  1. transportation (oxygen, nutrients, etc.)
  2. communication (hormones)
  3. thermoregulation (AV shunt, countercurrent)
25
Q

An anatomical end artery is:

A
  • an artery that has full responsibility for providing blood to an organ or part of an organ.
  • occlusion = cell death.
26
Q

A functional end artery is:

A
  • an artery that “shares” responsibility for blood supply to a region.
  • “sharing” is inadequate.
  • occlusion = cell death.
27
Q

Anastomosis:

A
  • Collateral artery connects one artery to another.
  • Occlusion of one pathway results in shunting of blood to a collateral pathway.
  • Bypasses occlusion; no cell death.
28
Q

What determines the direction of flow through collateral arteries (anastomosis)?

A
  • pressure gradient.
    • flows from high to low pressure.
  • absence of valves in arteries allows this.
29
Q

Intercostal arteries connect:

A
  • aorta to the internal thoracic arteries
30
Q

Costal notching occurs when:

A
  • intercostal arteries used as collateral pathways in coarctation (narrowing) of the aorta, increase in diameter, and cause bone resorption with the margin of rib they come in contact with due to expansion.
31
Q

Costal notching is due to:

A
  • intercostal artery expansion in the setting of aorta coarctation (narrowing).
32
Q

What two parts of the body have relatively high amounts of collateral pathway?

A
  • brain
  • limbs

COLLATERAL PATHWAYS ARE ESSENTIALLY A SURVIVAL TACTIC.

33
Q

Cutaneous AV shunts control:

A
  • how much warm blood reaches cutaneous capillary beds to lose heat to the environment.
34
Q

Mechanism of AV shunts:

A
  • Shunt open: blood shunted from artery to vein and bypasses a cutaneous capillary bed. Less blood reaches cutaneous capillaries and less heat lost.
  • Shunt closed: blood flows to cutaneous capillary bed. More blood reaches the cutaneous capillaries and more heat lost.
35
Q

What can result from AV shunting?

A
  • tissue ischemia.
  • when blood is shunted away from cutaneous capillaries, the cutaneous tissue supplied by these capillaries receives less oxygen and nutrition.

FROSTBITE

36
Q

When do AV shunts open?

A
  • in very cold weather when heat is trying to be retained.
37
Q

Venae comitantes are:

A
  • paired veins that run along a single artery.
  • allow for heat transfer to venous blood without compromising arterial blood flow to the skin.
  • conduction of heat.
38
Q

Venae comitantes are found primarily in:

A
  • cutaneous regions with a large surface area that lose a lot of heat.

LIMBS AND BODY WALL

39
Q

What mechanism allows for a reduction in heat loss without a reduction in blood flow to the skin?

A
  • venae comitantes
  • thermal countercurrent mechanism
40
Q

Mechanism of thermal countercurrent:

A
  • two veins surrounding a single artery (venae commitante).
  • heat transferred from arterial blood to venous blood.
  • arterial blood is cooler once it reaches cutaneous surface.
  • venous blood returning to the heart is warmer.

SF1.08 Circulatory System (SEIDEN) (1 decks)

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