Circulatory System

Question 1

Describe the circulatory system and define the blood, the heart and the blood vessels

Answer 1

The circular tree system is a transport system of the body by which food oxygen and water and other essential nutrients can be carried

The blood is a liquid containing suspended cells which carries substances around the body

The heart and muscular pump which provides the force needed to move the blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen around the body

The blood vessels, the tubes through which the blood travels to through and from the tissues

Question 2

Describe blood and explain it’s main continence

Answer 2

Blood has both liquid and solid components and it is actually a complex connective tissue in which living blood cells are suspended and nonliving fluid called plasma.

On average adults have 3 to 5 L of blood mainly constituting plasma at 55% red blood cells I’m ever through sites make up 44%. The remaining 1% of blood consist of white blood cells.

Blood gain its colour through haemoglobin found in red blood cells oxygenated haemoglobin or HbO2 is a red colour

Question 3

What is the difference between plasma and blood?

Answer 3

Blood contains plasma as it has both liquid and solid components the nonliving fluid matrix called plasma as well as blood cells and white blood cells

Question 4

What is the difference between plasma and blood?

Answer 4

Blood contains plasma as it has both liquid and solid components the nonliving fluid matrix called plasma as well as blood cells and white blood cells

Question 5

Describe the five components of plasma and their uses

Answer 5

Water many of the substance carried in plasma I dissolved in water additionally it replenishes intercellular fluid 90% of plasma is water

Proteins are mostly made in the liver, including albumin and globulin we shall responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood. Fibrinogen is essential for forming blood clots plasma without fibrinogen serum.

Salts primarily in chloride sulphate and phosphate potassium and calcium they help maintain the pH of the body neutralising acid or alkali when they formed

Urea is the waste product of protein metabolism in the liver where amino acids are broken down metabolised it is transported along with other waste products to be removed excreted from the kidneys

Glucose this is a simple sugar is a product of carbohydrate digestion and is the cellular respiration in all cells is transported along with other digested food products such as amino acids

Question 6

State the three types of blood cell

Answer 6

Red blood cell
White blood cell
Platelets

Question 7

Give a detailed explanation of red blood cells, their contents and why the contents are evolved that way

Answer 7

Red blood cells are called erythrose they are by concave discs which do not have a nucleus. They are packed full of haemoglobin at 5 million red blood cells per millimetre of blood. The red blood cells developed in the bone marrow formed from stem cells and then under the influence of vitamin B12 vitamin C cobalt copper folic acid they mature so they can release into the bloodstream.

During this process they build a haemoglobin and lose the nucleus and other organelles haemoglobin is the iron containing protein that transport most of the oxygen that is contained within the blood. Haemoglobin absorbs oxygen from the lungs and is released to the tissues. No nucleus means more space for red blood cells to carry oxygen using haemoglobin but this means the cells have a limited lifespan of up to 120 days.

Question 8

Explain white blood cells and where they are made

Answer 8

White blood cells unknown as leucocytes they are only complete cells in the blood containing nuclei and organelles. White blood cells are made in the bone marrow but some of the mature into them fire system. The two main types of leukocyte in the blood are granulocytes also known as polynuclear leucocytes and granulocytes.

Question 9

What are the three granulocytes

Answer 9

Granulocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm include the following cells

Neutrophils which make up 40 to 70% of white blood cells
active phagocytes protecting the body against bacterial invasion

Eosinophils make up one to 4% of white blood cells
They kill parasitic worms

Basophils make up 0 to one percent of white blood cells. The rarest white blood cell contain histamine are involved in inflammation and allergic reaction reactions.

Question 10

Describe the 3 types of Agranulocytes

Answer 10

Lymphocytes make up to 25 to 30% of white blood cells active phagocytes produced in burn marrow into circulation through lymph nodes primarily involved in defence against disease by producing antibodies and antitoxins

Monocytes are made in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue the largest of the blood cells they remove foreign particles by phagocytosis

Macrophage cells derived from mono site that accesses a faggot site in non-specific response forms in antigen-presenting so in the specific immune response

Question 11

Describe platelets and their function

Answer 11

Platelets also known as the thrombocytes are made in the bone marrow and are essential for blood clotting

They are small cytoplasmic fragments of large cells in the bone marrow in humans. They do not have a nucleus on our approximately a third of the size of an erythrocyte. There’s about 250,000 platelets per bill each of blood.

Clotting involves a series of enzyme controlled reactions which produce a fibre is made of proteins called fibrin formed from a jellylike clot but rise to form a scab.

Question 12

Describe the nine functions of the blood

Answer 12

1. to carry oxygen to tissues using haemoglobin
2. To curry dissolved digested feud such as glucose and amino acids.
3. To remove waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea through excretion.
4. To defend the body against the entry of pathogens using white blood cells.
5. To carry water to tissues and cells which is removed through the kidneys.
6. To provide material for which glands make their secretions.
7. To carry hormones around the body.
8. To distribute heat evenly around the body and regulate temperature.
9. To stop bleeding and blood loss from cuts/haemorrhage through Cotton.

Question 13

Explain a ABO blood group system and its effect on transfusions

Answer 13

Every cell has proteins on its surface called antigens including red blood cells one of the main ways to group red blood cells is the ABO system within the AO system that is four different blood groups A, B, AB, O.

The blood group name refers to the antigens on the cell surface of the red blood cells for example blood group a has antigens on cell surface for a similar to blood group B and AB however blood group O has no antigens on cell surface.

This is important for blood transfusions as people who are blood group a do not have antigens for for a within their plasma as this would cause agglutination and begin the immune response instead they only hav antibody B. Blood group AB has no antibodies in the plasma and oh has both antibody a and B.

Question 14

Which is the most useful blood group for transfusions and why?

Answer 14

Blood group oh is the most useful for transfusions as it has no antigens on the red blood cells so if you give this to a patient neither of the antibodies regardless if they are a group a group B or a B will react and cause agglutination.

Question 15

Explain the rhesus factor

Answer 15

The rhesus factor is a protein which oxygen antigen found on the red cells of around 85% of the population people with the rhesus factor or are rhesus positive and people without are negative if the mother and a baby have different factors this can cause issues during pregnancy

Question 16

What type of muscle is in the heart and why is it evolved for the heart?

Answer 16

The height is comprised of cardiac tissue called myocardium which has its own intrinsic rhythm. Cardiac muscle does not get fatigued like the striated muscle responsible for skeletal movement. The external hot muscle is supplied with oxygen by the Kearny arteries so hot muscle does not use oxygen from the blood inside the heart.

Question 17

Describe and explain the structure of the heart

Answer 17

The heart is divided from the base to the apex by the muscular septum which splits the heart into 2/2 left heart and right heart in a normal heart. There is no communication between the left and right side however in a baby there was a hole in the septum which allows blood to pass between the 2/2.

The heart is contained in a fibrous site called the pericardium and the smooth membrane lining chambers of the heart is called the endocardium. The small upper chambers are called atria and the more muscular lower chambers are called ventricles.

Deoxygenated Blood flows from the vena cava into the right atrium where it reaches the tricuspid valve which has 3 flaps and separates the right atrium and ventricle. The right ventricle then contracts pushing deoxygenated blood up past the pulmonary valve up to the pulmonary archery which leads to the lungs.

Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the pulmonary artery into the left atrium where it passes the bicuspid valve which has two flops into the left ventricle left ventricle contracts and passes oxygen aid blood past the aortic valve to the aorta

Question 18

What is the tricuspid’s valve function?

Answer 18

It prevents backflow into the left atrium via the left ventricle

Question 19

What is the pulmonary valves functional?

Answer 19

It prevents backflow into the right ventricle

Question 20

What does the pulmonary artery do in which side of the heart? Is it located on?

Answer 20

The pulmonary artery is located on the right side of the heart and it pushes the oxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated

Question 21

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

Answer 21

The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium when it contracts and forces blood through the Moreuil or bicuspid valve into the ventricle

Question 22

What is the largest artery in the body? And what side of the body is it on?

Answer 22

The aorta is found on the left side of the heart

Question 23

Explain the concepts of diastole and systole

Answer 23

In reality, the atria contract at the same time this is referred to as atrial systole similar to ventricular systole which is a state when the heart muscle contracts and force blood out into the blood vessels

Alternatively, diastole is when the heart muscle relax and blood fills the heart this is when the blood pressure in the arteries is that lowest

Question 24

What governs the rhythm of cardiac muscle contraction?

Answer 24

And average adult heart rate is approximately 70 bpm cardiac muscle has the intrinsic ability to be rhythmically without any chemical or electrical stimulus. This process is governed by the special area of Kodak cardiac muscle called Sino atrial node found close to where the superior vena cava enters the heart.

The sinoatrial node is also referred to as the pacemaker region for the heart. A contraction impulse starting at the sign of actual mood spreads rapidly to the walls of the atria so they can contract and initiate the heartbeat. The wave of excitation triggers the response to the second region called intro ventricular node Which after a brief pause transmits the impulse to the walls of the ventricles through special tissues called purkinje fibres

Load the heartbeat is automatic it can be sped up or slowed down by the nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system slows both the rate and force of contraction is sympathetic. Nervous system increases both rate and force of contraction.