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Bio 12 Anatomy And Physiology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe arteries

A

They have thick walls composed of elastic and muscular fibers and supporting tissues which branch into arterioles

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2
Q

Describe capillaries

A

Capillaries are small vessels that arterioles branch into. They are very narrow, microscopic tubes. The walls are only one cell thick. Gases and small molecules like glucose exchange across the walls of the capillaries.

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3
Q

What are sphincter muscles

A

They encircle the entrance to each capillary. In a capillary bed (network of many capillaries), sphincter muscles may be closes off so that more or less blood flows to that area as needed (e.g. more blood flow when working out)

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4
Q

What are veins
What do they have

A

Walls are thinner than arterial walls. Veins have valves that allow blood to flow only toward the heart when open and prevent backflow when closed.

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5
Q

To which part of the body to the subclavian veins and arteries connect?

A

Heart → shoulder/head

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6
Q

To where does the carotid artery connect?

A

Heart → head

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7
Q

To where does the jugular vein connect?

A

Head → heart

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8
Q

To where does the anterior (superior) vena cava connect?

A

Upper body → heart

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9
Q

To where deos the posterior (inferior) vena cava connect?

A

Lower body → heart

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10
Q

To where do the pulmonary arteries and veins connect?

A

Heart → lungs

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11
Q

To where does the mesenteric artery connect?

A

Heart → digestion tract

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12
Q

To where do the hepatic portal vein connect?

A

(O2-poor) villi → liver

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13
Q

To where does the hepatic vein connect?

A

Liver → heart

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14
Q

To where do the renal artery and vein connect?

A

Heart → kidney

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15
Q

To where do the iliac artery and vein connect?

A

Heart → pelvis/legs

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16
Q

To where does the aorta connect?

A

Heart → other arteries

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17
Q

To where does the coronary artery connect?

A

Heart → heart muscles

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18
Q

To where does the coronary vein connect?

A

Heart muscles → heart

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19
Q

What three things does blood do?

A
  1. Transport (gases, waste, nutrients)
  2. Clotting (to seal injuries)
  3. Infection fighting
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20
Q

What are the two main parts of blood

A
  1. Plasma (liquid portion of blood) which contains water, organic and inorganic substances (plasma proteins, gases, salts, nutrientsm hormones, waste, etc)
  2. Formed elements (3 solid parts of blood)
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21
Q

What are the three formed elements of the blood?

A
  1. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) - transport O2 and CO2, have no nuclei (thus unable to repair self), formed in bone marrow, liver, spleen
  2. White blood cells (leukocytes) - used to fight infections, possess nuclei — some are granular (proteins on outside) while others are agranular (no proteins on outside, made in bone marrow, lymphoid tissues
  3. Platelets (thrombocytes) - start blood clotting, no nuclei, considered only cell fragments
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22
Q

What carries molecules through blood?

A

Proteins in plasma carry molecules (these contribute to blood’s viscosity)

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23
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin is a quaternary protein structure made of 4 amino acid chains. Each chain contains an iron ‘heme’ group which attaches to O2 and carries it through blood

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24
Q

Why does O2 easily attach to hemoglobin in the lungs and give it up in other environments

A

The lungs have the perfect conditions for attachment - cool, slightly basic, 37°C, 7.4pH environment
Other areas in the body are warmer and more acidic, 38°C and 7.38pH allowing detachment

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25
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin with bound O2 (bright red)

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26
Q

What is reduced hemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin that has lost its O2 group (dark purple)

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27
Q

What three molecules are required for coagulation

A
  1. Platelets
  2. Prothrombin
  3. Fibrinogen
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28
Q

Where do platelets, prothrombin, and fibrinogen come from

A
  • Platelets come from fragmentation of large cells called megakaryocytes in red bone marrow
  • Fibrinogens and prothrombin are plasma proteins manufactured and deposited in the blood by the liver
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29
Q

Describe the process of clot formation in four steps

A
  1. Platelets clump at the site of the puncture and partially seal the leak, then platelets and injured tissues release the enzyme prothrombin activator
  2. Thrombin acts as an enzyme and severs 2 short amino acid chains from each fibrinogen molecule
  3. These activated chains join end to end to form long long ends of fibrin
  4. Fibrin threads entangle red cells and platelets in the damaged area and form the framework of the clot
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30
Q

Clotting takes place faster at ____ temperatures because….

A

… warmer temperatures because it is controlled by enzymes. The fibrin clot is only a temporary repair. Eventually enzymes called plasmin destroy the fibrin network and restores plasma fluidity

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31
Q

What does the lymph system do?

A

Fight infections (by cleansing lymph and production of lymphocytes)
Abosorbtion of fat (from intestine and transport to blood)
Transport of excess tissue fluid back to cardiovascular system

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32
Q

Which vessel collects and drains the upper right portion of the body

A

The Right Lymphatic Duct drains the upper right body and enters into the right subclavian vein

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33
Q

Which vessel drains the rest of the body

A

The Thoracic Duct drains the rest of the body and drains into the left subclavian vein

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34
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

White blood cells made in bone marrow that are part of the lymph system
Some lymphocytes produce antibodies

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35
Q

What are lacteal

A

The lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which absorb digested fats

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36
Q

What are lymph nodes

A

Small oval structures that occur along strategic places on lymph vessels
They produce/store lymphocytes and filler lymph of damaged cells and debris

37
Q

What is the spleen

A

Located behind the stomach / next to spine
Contains WBCs and stores blood

38
Q

What is the thymus

A

Located in the upper thoracic cavity
Functions to produce/mature some lymphocytes

39
Q

What is innate immunity
What does it consist of

A

Body responds to a wide variety or microbes
It consists of external barriers formed by the
- skin
- mucous membrane
- set of interncal cellular/chemical defenses like WBCs / lymphocytes

40
Q

Which vein does not involve the heart in transport of blood

A

Hepatic portal vein

41
Q

Which artery and vein are opposite for direction of O2 rich and O2 poor blood transport

A

Pulmonary artery and vein

42
Q

What is aquired immunity (specific)

A

It can distinguish between one inducing agent and another by WBCs (lymphocytes)

43
Q

What are the 2 general responses to aquired immunity

A
  1. Humoral response
  2. Cell-mediated response
44
Q

Describe the humoral response

A

Cells derived from B cells secrete defensive proteins called antibodies that bind to microbes and target for elimination

45
Q

Describe the cell mediated response

A

Cytotoxic lymphocytes directly destroy infected body cells, cancer cells, or foreign tissues

46
Q

What is an antigen

A

Any pathogen that elicits a lymph reaction

47
Q

Both B cells and T cells are made in the bone marrow. Where do each mature

A

B cells mature in the bone marrow
T cells mature in the thymus

48
Q

Where are the B and T cells concentrated

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic tissues

49
Q

What are antigen-specific receptors

A

Receptors embedded in the plasma membrane of B and T cells how they recognize antigens

50
Q

Describe B cells role in humoral immunity

A

B cell activation and clonal selection and results in the production of anibodies that circulate in the blood plamsa and lymph

51
Q

Describe T cells role in cell mediated immunity

A

Activation and clonal selection of cytotoxin - T cells allow these cells to directly destroy certain target cells

52
Q

What are T-dependent antigens

A

Harmful antigen that can only be defeated by both T and B cells. The T cells help activate the B cells which produce the required antibodies to defeat the antigen

53
Q

What are T-independent antigens

A

Antigens with polysaccharieds on their surfaces. These can be immediately recognized by B cells for destroyal.

54
Q

How do antibodies help to dispose of antigens in three ways

A
  1. Antibodies bind to proteins on the surface of a virus, blocking the virus’s ability to infect a hose
  2. Antibodies enhance macrophage attachment to and phagocytosis of the microbes
  3. Antibodies can cause agglutination (clumping) of bacteria / viruses, making them easier targets for phagocytes
55
Q

What is immunology memory

A

The immune system’s ability to generate secondary immune response
It is based on long living B and T cell’s memory

56
Q

What is active immunity

A

Immunity that comes from recovering from an infection
May be aquired through immunization

57
Q

Vaccines can be made from 5 things…

A
  1. Killed microbes
  2. Inactivated bacterial toxins
  3. Parts of microbes
  4. Viable but weakened microbes
  5. Genes encoding microbe proteins
58
Q

What is passive immunity

A

The short-term immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal (e.g. breastfeeding mother passes antibodies to child)

59
Q

What is the major portion of the heart called

A

The myocardium

60
Q

What contains the heart

A

The pericardial sac

61
Q

The right side of the heart pumps blood ______ while the left side of the heart pumps blood ______.

A

Right side → lungs
Left side → everywhere else
Each side of the heart has two chambers

62
Q

What is the septum

A

It divides the heart into right and left

63
Q

What is the atrium

A

The small chamber on top

64
Q

What is the ventricle

A

The large chamber on the bottom (left ventricle is much bigger than the one on the right)

65
Q

What are valves

A

The control the flow of blood between chambers and prevents backflow (they are found between the atria and ventricles)

66
Q

What is the tricuspid valve

A

Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

67
Q

What is the bicuspid (mitral) valve

A

Separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

68
Q

What is the chordae tendinae

A

Strong fibrous strings that support valves and prevent from inverting
It is attached to muscular projections of ventricular wall

69
Q

What is the semilunar valve

A

Valve in each ventricle between it and attached to blood vessels
Blood flows through it on the way out of the heart

70
Q

What is the pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Valve in the right ventricle

71
Q

What is the aortic semilunar valve

A

Valve in the left ventricle

72
Q

What is the first step on the path of blood throught the heart

A
  1. O2-poor blood enters through the right atrium through superior and inferior vena cava
73
Q

What is the second step on the path of blood throught the heart

A
  1. The right atrium contracts forcing blood through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle
74
Q

What is the third step on the path of blood throught the heart

A
  1. The right ventricle contracts sending blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary trunk
75
Q

What is the fourth step on the path of blood throught the heart

A
  1. The pulmonary trunk divides into pulmonary arteries taking O2-poor blood to capillaries in lungs
76
Q

What is the fifth step on the path of blood throught the heart

A
  1. At the lungs, CO2 diffuses out of blood, O2 diffuses in. (Blood is now oxygenated)
77
Q

What is the sixth step on the path of blood throught the heart

A
  1. The O2-rich blood feeds into pulmonary veins which takes it from lungs to left atrium
78
Q

What is the seventh step on the path of blood throught the heart

A
  1. The left atrium contracts forcing blood through the mitral valve into left ventricles
79
Q

What is the eighth step on the path of blood throught the heart

A
  1. The left ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta
80
Q

What is the ninth step on the path of blood throught the heart

A
  1. Aorta divides into smaller arteries, carrying O2 rich blood to tissues
81
Q

The heartbeat we hear comes in 2 phases. What are these

A
  1. The atria contract as ventricles relax (closing of atrioventricluar valves)
  2. The ventricles contract as atria relax (closing of semilunar valves)
82
Q

What does systole mean

A

Contraction of heart muscles

83
Q

What does diastole mean

A

Relaxation of heart muscles

84
Q

What is the cardiac cycle

A

Pulse (heartbeats)

85
Q

What is the sinoatrial node

A

Located in the upper back wall of the right atrium
It initiates the heartbeat by sending out a signal automatically every .85 seconds to make the atria contract

86
Q

What is the atrioventricular node

A

Located in the base of the right atrium near the septum
It sends its signal along fibers to the atria and the AV node
When pulse sent by SA node reaches AV node, AV node sends out signal along special conducting fibers called purkinje fibers

87
Q

What do purkinje fibers do

A

Purkinje fibers take messages to the ventricles and cause them to contract. This action begins at the base of the heart and moves like a wavelength. This is because the purkinje fibers first stimulate cardiac muscle at the base of the heart

88
Q

What is the medulla oblangata

A

The heart-rate control center of the brain which can speed up or slow down the heart rate according to the prevailing stimuli received by autonomic nervous system
Factors like stress, O2 levels, bpressure determine how autonomic system will affect heart rate

Bio 12 Anatomy And Physiology (2 decks)

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