circulatory system Flashcards
`How many chambers? What are the names?
There are 4 chambers
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
What is the function of the septum?
Septum: divides the right side of the heart from the left side- to prevent oxygenated blood from mixing with deoxygenated blood
Where is oxygenated blood? Where is deoxygenated blood?
Oxygenated blood travels in arteries, and Fills into the left side of the heart
Oxygenated blood travels in pulmonary vein(one exception of vein carrying oxygenated blood) → to the left atrium
Deoxygenated blood travels in veins - Fills into right side of the heart
Right ventricle> pulmonary artery > lungs
What is a septal defect? What problems occur?
Septal defect: A hole in the septum can happen in the area thats divides the atriums or in the area that divides the ventricles-person can be born with this defect ( ex:ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect. Surgery can fix this problem. Therefore preventing the two types of blood from mixing.
What is the membrane of the heart called? What is its function?
Membrane pericardium: This membrane contains liquid which reduces friction as the heart beats. Its purpose is to protect the heart. protects it from infections.
Can you trace the flow of blood through the heart and back out?
- Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
- Right Atrium
- Tricuspid Vavle
- Right Ventricle
- Pulmonary Valve
- Pulmonary Artery (R & L)
- Lungs (Oxygenated W/Aveoil)
- Pulmonary Vein (R & L)
- Left Atrium
- Mitral Valve (AKA Bicuspid Valve)
11.Left Ventricle - Aortic Valve
- Aorta
- Body
What are the four main valves in the heart? What is their function?
Valves: Tricuspid, Mitral, Aortic, Pulmonary
Function:
Allow for blood to flow in only one direction;
Prevent the backflow of blood;
Regulate the amount of blood flowing at any given time
Explain the difference between pulmonary, cardiac and systemic circulation of
Blood
1) Pulmonary – pathway of blood from heart to lungs and back to the heart
2) Cardiac – pathway of blood through the heart
3) Systemic – the pathway of blood as it flows from the heart to the rest of the body and
back to the heart
a. the device name to measure blood pressure
Blood pressue is measured using a “Sphygmomanometer” and it is placed on the brachial artery.
b. the systole vs. diastole readings
Systole: On average it should be at 120mm HG, generated by contractions of Left Ventricle as it forces blood out of heart
Diastole: on average should be at 80 mmHg, reaches it lowest point immediatley before another contraction of the ventricles
You can not measure diastolic pressure in a child untiil they are 1 year old.
120/80 systolic/diastolic
c. hypertension vs. hypotension
High Blood Pressure - Comes from stress, aging, obesity, genes, race, gender. ETC. is known as HYPERTENSION 140/90 systolic/diastolic.
Low Blood Pressure - is known as HYPOTENSION
d. What is the name of the artery where blood pressure is measured?
Brachial artery
What does the “lub” or “dub” sound mean?
Lub: caused by atrioventricular closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves and opening of pulmonary and aortic valves
Dub: sound is caused by the closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves and the opening of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves.
Define “atherosclerosis”
Fatty deposits called plaques form in the arteries, clogging and narrowing them.
This causes a reduction in the amount of blood flow.
The plaques are composed mainly of cholesterol.
Portions of these plaques may break away from the arterial wall and travel through the blood stream until they block blood flow through a smaller vessel.
The blood clot may lead to a stroke in the brain or a heart attack in the heart.
Arteriosclerosis refers to several diseases in which the arterial wall thickens and loses its elasticity.
What are some symptoms of a heart attack? (Refer to picture in slides as well)
Heartattack happens when- The coronary system fails to supply enough oxygen to the heart due to:
a. blood clot
b. muscular spasm of the coronary arteries
c. atherosclerosis plaques
Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and pain radiating to the arm or jaw.
What causes a heart murmur?
The improper closing of one of the heart valves so there is a backflow of blood into the heart. It can be heard using a stethoscope as a Lub -dub -swoosh (semilunar valve improperly closed) or Lub -whoosh -dub (AV valve improperly closed). If the murmur is life threatening, surgery is performed to replace the valve.
Lub -dub -Swoosh: In the aorta/pulmonary valve
Lub-swoosh-dub: Tricuspid/bicuspid
What does an ECG measure?
ECG- is used on a person to help diagnose heart disease. It may also be used to monitor how well different heart medications are working. Persons coming into the emergency room with chest pain, shortness of breath will have an ECG performed. The ECG is used extensively in the diagnosis of heart disease, from congenital heart disease in infants to heart attacks.
Trace the electric conductivity in the heart (from the pacemaker) (refer to picture in slides as well)
Sinoatrial node (SA node) = natural pacemaker →
Atrioventricular node (AV node) →AV Bundle or Bundle of His →Purkinje Plexus/ fibers
P > atria
depolarize/contact “systole”
QRS > ventricles
Repolarize “relax” diastole
Importance of medulla oblangata, refer to doc
The SA node (S inoatrial node) fires at 70 times per minute at rest, but increased physical activity, panic, anger, or pain increase cellular respiration, leading to increased CO2 levels in the blood. The Medulla Oblongata is triggered by these high CO2 levels, releasing a chemical called Noradrenaline, a ‘fight or flight’ chemical responsible for the body’s reaction to stressful situations. Noradrenaline causes increased heart rate, blood pressure, pupil dilation, lung air passage dilation, and blood vessel narrowing, enabling the body to perform well in stressful situations. When blood pressure increases, receptors in blood vessels sense this and send an impulse to the Medulla Oblongata, which releases Acetylcholine, which helps the brain reduce heart tissue contraction, slowing down the SA node and returning heart rate to normal.
Different components of blood
Blood - a collection of cells that have been specialized to perform a set of particular tasks within an organism.
Blood Contains:
a. Plasma – the fluid portion. About 55% of blood is plasma. Made up water, plus dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals and waste products.
b. Blood cells – the solid or “formed” portion which is made up of different kinds of cells. The remaining 45% of blood is made up of
these three types of cells:
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
main function of red blood cells
Red Blood cells: 45%
1.Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
2. It is produced in bone marrow and destroyed in the spleen and
liver
3. It is also called “Erythrocytes”
4. It has no nucleus
5. Its survival time is 120 days
6. Red blood cells used for accident victims, surgical patients
7. Shelf life of red blood cells is 42 days
Contains hemoglobin enabling oxygen to bond
Do not contain a nucleus in their mature stage
Functions of white blood cells
- Fight infection
- Are also called “Leukocytes”
- There are two types:
Granulocytes – engulf bacteria (like Pac man) – formed in bone
marrow – respond quickly to infection
Lymphocytes – produce antibodies (formed in the lymph nodes and
spleen) – respond slowly - White blood cells get destroyed at the site of infection
Fights body against invading microorganisms and toxins
Fewer in number than red blood cells
May engulf microorganisms or produce antibodies important for immune system
- less then 1%
Platelets
- less then 1%
1. Involved in blood clotting process
2. Made up of tiny fragments
3. Also called “Thromboplastin”
4. Survival time is 7-10 days
5. It is produced in the bone marrow
6. It is destroyed in the spleen and liver
Initiate blood clotting
Irregularly shaped
Release substance that reacts with proteins in plasma to create a mesh
Plamas 55%
- Fluid medium holding solid blood
components, gases, nutrients, wastes and
hormones
What causes sickle cell anemia?
Anemia: The lack of iron resulting in decreased levels of hemoglobin in the red blood cells. This lowers the red blood cell ability to carry and deliver oxygen to the body cells. (LOW IRON)
Sickle cell anemia is:
Autosomal recessive genetic disease
characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape.
Sickling decreases the cells’ flexibility and results in a risk of various complications such as severe pain in joints.
It is caused by:
A defect in the gene
What is leukemia?
The uncontrolled reproduction (cancer) of the white blood cells resulting in non-functioning immature white blood cells.
Crowding out of the red blood cells also occurs due to increased white blood cell numbers.
Treatment involves chemotherapy.
