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Biology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do open circulatory systems occur

A

Arthropods including insects

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2
Q

How do open circulatory systems work

A

The heart is a simple tube with Valves
Valves pump blood into opening at back of the animal and out the front
Blood fills the haemocoel, bathing internal organs

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3
Q

Where are closed blood systems found

A

Earthworms and vertebrate animals

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4
Q

How does a closed blood system work

A

Blood pumped from heart in vessels
Stays in vessels always
Larger arteries divide to capillaries which supple 02 and nutrients and get rid of co2 and waste
Capillaries join into veins to carry blood back to heart
BP is higher in closed blood system = more efficient and vertebrate can be larger

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5
Q

What are the two circulatory circuits that exist in human circulatory system

A

Pulmonary circulatory system
Systemic circulatory system

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6
Q

What is the structure of the heart

A

Walls of heart = cardiac muscle
Double membrane enclosing heart = pericardium
Fluid between pericardial membranes = reduce friction
02 and nutrients supplied by carotid arteries divided in half by septum

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7
Q

What is the basic function of the valves in the heart

A

Allows for efficient blood flow by making sure there is no back flow of blood and blood moves in one direction

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8
Q

What are the names of the valves found in the heart

A

Bicuspid / Mitral valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve and aortic valve

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9
Q

What is the importance of the atrioventricular valves

A

Lie between atrium and ventricle
Can have 2 or 3 flaps
Inelastic tendons stop ventricle from turning upside down

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10
Q

What is the importance of the semilunar valve

A

Open to allow blood out ; close to prevent it from returning during contraction and relaxation of ventricles

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11
Q

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle, how long is each phase

A

Atrial systole - 0.1s
Ventricular systole - 0.3s
General diastole - 0.4s

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12
Q

What is the cardiac cycle

A

Everything that your heart does in one heartbeat

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13
Q

What happens during atrial systole (and ventricular diastole)

A

Atria full with blood And contract simultaneously
Atrioventricular valves are forced open and blood flows to ventricles

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14
Q

What happens during ventricular systole (atriole diastole)

A

Ventricles contract simultaneously
Back pressure of blood forces atrioventricular valves to close
Blood moves to aorta and pulmonary arteries under pressure

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15
Q

What happens during general diastole

A

Ventricles and atria relax
Residual pressure forces blood to fill atria

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16
Q

Why does the left side of the heart have thicker muscle walls than the right

A

Has to pump blood to the rest of the body = long distance = more force is needed

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17
Q

How is our heartbeat controlled

A

Sino-atrial node initiates heartbeat using impulses
Impulses spread to atria causing contraction
Impulse spread to atrioventricular node and down bundle of hiss
Impulse Travels up purkinje fibres = ventricles contract bottom up effectively getting blood out of heart
Ions replenish themselves so they can pump blood again

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18
Q

What is the dino-atrial node also known as

A

Pacemaker of heart

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19
Q

How does exercise affect the heart

A

Heartbeat increases to get more O2 to cells + get rid of CO2
Carotid arteries detect increase in Co2 and send impulses to brain
Autonomic nervous system controls heart rate via sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
Hormones adrenaline (increase heart rate) and thyroxine(increase metabolism) produced during exercise or stress

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20
Q

What are normal heart rates for a healthy ;person

A

Resting - 60-90 bpm
Max heart rate - 150-200 bpm

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21
Q

Why donhealthier / fitter people have a lower heart rate

A

The heart is stronger so it can pump more blood in one beat (pump more blood using less energy)

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22
Q

What are arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

23
Q

What is the structure of arteries

A

Thick walls and small lumens (inner diameter)
Walls made of three , layers
1. Outer - fibrous connective tissue
2. Middle - smooth muscle
3. Inner - squamous epithelium
No semilinar valves

24
Q

What are capillaries

A

Small blood vessels that transport blood through tissues

25
Q

What is the structures of capillaries

A

Very small lumen that allows for red blood cells to just fit through
One layer of squamous epithelium (walls)
Allows for blood to move to tissues and vice-versa

26
Q

What are veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

27
Q

What is the structure of veins

A

Thinner walls = blood moves at lower pressure
Same layers as arteries
Have semi lunar valves to stop back flow of blood
Larger lumen than arteries

28
Q

What is plasma

A

A yellowish fluid that consists of 90% safer and 10% dissolved substances

29
Q

What is plasma responsible for

A

Transports: (PHHSGB)
Plasma proteins
Hormones
Heat around the body
Salts
Gases
Blood cells

30
Q

How do erythrocytes works

A

Biconcave and contain haemoglobin
O2 + hemoglobin = oxyhaemoglobin
CO2 + haemoglobin = carbaminohaemoglobin
Transports O2 and a little CO2 in this form

31
Q

What do leucocytes do

A

Protect body against infection
Produce antibodies

32
Q

What are thrombocytes and what are they responsible for

A

Cell fragments without nuclei
Play role in blood clotting

33
Q

What is lymph

A

Plasma fluid that has exited the capillaries and passes into the lymphatic system

34
Q

How does lymph happen

A

High pressure of blood flowing in cap forces some plasma out and into tissue
Fluid bathes the cells = tissue fluid
Cells absorb O2 and nutrients from tissue fluid and release CO2 and waste to fluid
Some fluid goes back to capillaries, the rest foes to lymphatic system

35
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of

A

Blind ending ducts which carry lymph in two main vessels which join blood system at left and right subclavian veins
Lymph vessels = thin and have semi-lunar valves
Lymph nodes which are everywhere esp armpit, neck and groin

36
Q

How does the lymph move in our bodies

A

No pump mechanisms, lymph moves by squeezing blood vessels by contraction of skeletal muscle

37
Q

What do lymph nodes do

A

Act as filters to trap foreign bodies
Produce lymphocytes
Also produce antibodies

38
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system

A

Prevents accumulation of tissue fluid between cells
Special lymphatic vessels aka lacteals found in small intestine and absorb fats and transport to blood system
Lymph nodes produce antibodies and lymphocytes

39
Q

What are cardiovascular diseases

A

Diseases of the heart and blood system

40
Q

What are congenital diseases

A

Diseases of the heart and blood system that are hereditary

41
Q

What are causes of cardiovascular dieseas

A

Lifestyle : diet, smoking, alcohol abuse, lack of exercise
Hereditary

42
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

Maximum pressure in the arteries reached when the ventricles contract during ventricular systole

43
Q

What is the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

A

Systolic : maximum pressure on the arteries reached when the ventricles contract (ventricular systole)
Diastolic : lowest pressure in the arteries which occurs during general diastole

44
Q

How is blood pressure taken

A

Instrument - sphygomomanometer
Unit - mmHg
Recorded as systolic pressure / diastolic pressure

45
Q

What hypertension and hypotension

A

Blood pressure that is consistently higher = hypertension
Blood pressure that is consistently lower = hypotension

46
Q

What is a result of hypotension

A

Dizziness

47
Q

What are the results of hypertension and how can it be treated

A

Can lead to stroke, heart attack, damaged blood vessels
Treatment - medication and healthy lifestyle

48
Q

What is a stroke

A

A loss of brain function due to the loss of blood supply to the brain

49
Q

What are risk factors for getting a stroke

A

HODS
High blood pressure
Old age
Diabetes
Smoking

50
Q

What causes stroke and what can a stroke lead to

A

Blood clot that blocks vessel or burst vessel
Brain tissue damaged = paralysis, loss of speech etc.

51
Q

What causes a heart attack

A

Blood clot can form in coronary artery or anywhere in the body and end up in the coronary artery where it blocks the supply of blood which carries oxygen. Part of the cardiac muscle tissue dies as a result

52
Q

What is the difference between coronary thrombosis and coronary embolism

A

C thrombosis- when the blood clot forms in the coronary artery
C embolism - when the blood clot forms in another body part and is transported to the heart causing a blockage

53
Q

What is an angina

A

Chest pain and shortness of breath felt during exercise or times of stress because the coronary artery is partially blocked.
Angina = precursor of a heart attack

54
Q

How can cardiovascular diseases be treated

A
  1. Medication which dissolves blood clot, thing blood to prevent clot formation, controls high blood pressure
  2. Angioplasty - procedure to stretch a narrowed artery to remove a blood clot
  3. Bypass operation - surgical procedure where arteries and veins are taken from another part of the body and are used to create an alternative route around a blocked coronary artery
  4. Heart transplant - unhealthy heart removed and replaced by heart from a dead, or brain dead donor

Biology (8 decks)

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