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circulatory system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 main functions of circulatory system

A

transport, homeostatis, protection

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2
Q

transport

A

transport gases, nutrients, molecules, hormones, and waste materials

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3
Q

homeostatis

A

balance; regulates internal temperature and transport hormones

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4
Q

protection

A

protection against blood loss from injury, and protects against disease (white blood cells)

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5
Q

3 major components of closed circulatory system

A

blood vessels, heart, blood

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6
Q

blood vessels (3 types)

A

96000km
arteries, veins, capillaries

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7
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart; usually oxygen rich

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8
Q

veins

A

carry blood to heart; usually oxygen poor

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9
Q

capillaries

A

tiny vessels where gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged
majority of blood vessels
connects arteries and veins

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10
Q

structure of artery

A

thick, muscular elastic walls that maintain blood pressures between pump cycles
tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

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11
Q

tunica externa

A

tough, outer connective tissue; protection

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12
Q

tunica media

A

thick layer of smooth muscle and elastin fibres (must support vessel/regulate blood flow and pressure)

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13
Q

tunica intima/endothelium

A

smooth (allows blood to flow through efficiently) endothelium forming the lining of the lumen (touches blood)

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14
Q

lumen

A

inside of tube (holds blood)

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15
Q

aneurysm

A

inner wall of artery buldges outward putting pressure on the outerwall
usually birth defect (genetic)
more likely to break (damage organ, everything beyond broken artery will not get the nutrients and shut down)

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16
Q

arterioles

A

small arteries that relax /contract when blood flow changes

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17
Q

vasoconstricted

A

nervous system causes arterioles to contract in times of emergency; increases blood pressure to certain parts of the body wile restricting it to others

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18
Q

vasodilation

A

nervous system causes arterioles to relax (blushing)

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19
Q

atheroscerosis

A

build up of fat in intima which causes lumen to be smaller in diameter

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20
Q

atheroscerosis treatment

A

bypass surgery or angioplasty

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21
Q

coronary occlusion

A

narrowing of the arteries that suppies nutrients and oxygen to the heart
associated wuth obesity and high blood sugar

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22
Q

LDL cholestrol

A

create fatty tissue called antheroma which binds to the intima endothelium of the coronary artery

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23
Q

coronary occulsion symptoms

A

angina, increased heart rate, blood clotting

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24
Q

vein structure

A

thinner walls
not muscular or elastic (can’t contract like arteries)
have valves
low pressure

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25
Q

vein valves

A

one way valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards
muscles contract and push blood forward past one way valve
muscles relax and blood starts moving backward which closes the one way valve

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26
Q

william harvey

A

discovered:
working valves in heart and veins
heart contracts as a muscular pump
left ventrical goes to body
right ventrical goes to lungs
blood flows in veins towards the heart

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27
Q

vericose veins

A

broken/malfunctioning of valves in veins
pooling and back pressure of blood which causes damage to surrounding tissues and buldges

28
Q

venules

A

small veins

29
Q

capillary structure

A

one cellular layer thick, just wide enough for one single blood cell to fit through

30
Q

bruise

A

capillaries get damaged so blood rushes into interstitial spaces

31
Q

3 types of muscle

A

smooth, cardiac, skelatal

32
Q

systolic pressure

A

maximum pressure during ventricular contractions

33
Q

diastolic pressure

A

minimum pressure during ventricular relaxation

34
Q

sphygmomonameter

A

measures blood pressure in millimeters of murcury (mmHG)

35
Q

heart

A

double pump
walls made up of cardiac muscle
ensures blood only flows in one direction

36
Q

atria

A

collect blood

37
Q

ventricals

A

pump blood

38
Q

septum

A

muscular wall that separates left and right sides of heart

39
Q

vena cave

A

superior: collects blood from head, chest, and arms
inferior: collects blood from central and lower body

40
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

carry blood to lungs from right ventrical

41
Q

pulmonary veins

A

carry blood to heart from lungs to left atrium

42
Q

aorta

A

largest blood vessel in the body

43
Q

tricuspid valve

A

three flaps that separates the right atrium from the right ventrical

44
Q

bicuspid valve

A

two flaps that separeates the left atrium from the left ventrical

45
Q

pulmonary valve

A

separates right ventrical and pulmonary artery

46
Q

aortic valve

A

separates left ventrical and aorta

47
Q

sinoatrial node (SA node)

A

myogenic muscle cells in wall of right atrium
generates electrical signal to stimulate a heart beat
responds to signal from medulla

48
Q

atrioventricular node

A

ransmits impulses from atria to ventricles and coordinates their contraction
delays electrical signal

49
Q

bundle of His

A

runs down septum
carry electrical signals from the AV node to the bundle branches

50
Q

purkinje fibres

A

branched fibres that carry the electrical impulse to the ventricles

51
Q

entrocardiogram (ECG)

A

measures changes in voltage from electrical signal

52
Q

medulla

A

helps send electrical signal when SA nod forgets

53
Q

heart rate

A

low blood pressure (increase)
low pH levels (decrease)
physical activity (increase)

54
Q

epinephrine

A

hormone produces in adrenal glades that is released during physical activity and stimulates SA node

55
Q

sympathetic node

A

increases heart rate
stimulates release of adrenaline

56
Q

parasympathetic node (from medulla)

A

decrease heart rate
releases the hormone acetylcholine
ex: vagus nerve

57
Q

cardiovascular disorders

A

murmur, hole in hear, hypertension, aneurysm, arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction

58
Q

murmur

A

one or more of valves don’t open/close properly

59
Q

hole in heart

A

hole in septum

60
Q

hypertension

A

causes high blood pressure
weakens blood vessels

61
Q

myocardial infarction

A

coronary occlusion
blood clot

62
Q

angioplasty

A

balloon opens up resticted arteries

63
Q

bypass surgery

A

transplanted blood vessel is used to detour around the blockage

64
Q

capillary network/bed

A

made up of true capillaries, vascular shunts, and sphinter muscles

65
Q

true capillaries

A

place where exchanges take place

66
Q

vascular shunt

A

connects arterioles and venules

67
Q

sphinter muscles

A

contract (closes): bypass exchange capillaries

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