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Biology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Fluids in our body

A

1) Blood - in heart and blood vessels of the circulatory system
2) tissue fluid - spaces between cells in the organs
3) lymph - within lymph vessels and lymphatic organs such as the spleen and the tonsils
4) non-circulating fluids - synovial fluid in joint cavities, vitreous humour in eyes

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2
Q

Blood circulatory system in the human body

A

closed blood circulatory system - the blood circulates in a closed manner through blood vessels at all times

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3
Q

Properties of blood

A

1) continuously moving - always in motion from the heart to the arteries and back
2) colour - somewhat thick; bright red in the arteries and dark red in the veins
3) volume - 5-6 litres in the average adult human body
4) taste - saltish as it is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.45)

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4
Q

Functions of blood

A

1) Transport

2) protection

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5
Q

Transport by blood

A

1) digested food - from the alimentary canal to tissues. in the form of simple sugars like glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, salts etc.
2) oxygen - lungs to tissues by means of red blood cells. in combination with haemoglobin as oxyhaemoglobin an unstable compound which breaks up on reaching the tissue to supply oxygen
3) carbon dioxide - partly in combination with haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin and partly in solution with blood plasma
4) excretory material - form tissues to liver, kidneys or skin to be eliminated or rendered harmless
5) hormones - secreted by endocrine glands directly into the blood stream
6) heat - keeps body temperature uniform by distribution of heat

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6
Q

protection by blood

A

1) forms a clot where there is a cut in the blood vessel to prevent: -
- further loss of blood
- entry of disease-causing germs
2) white blood corpuscles engulf bacteria which may have entered the body - protect the body from disease
3) helps maintain the body’s immunity - produces antitoxins and antibodies which neutralize poisonous substances or kill germs

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7
Q

composition of blood

A

1) plasma - fluid part - 55-60%

2) cellular elements - red and white blood cells - 40-45%

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8
Q

blood plasma

A

1) light, yellow coloured alkaline liquid
2) mainly consists of water, proteins, inorganic salts like NaCl and sodium bicarbonate, and trace amounts of other substances like glucose, amino acids, fibrinogen, hormones, urea, etc.

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9
Q

Serum

A

blood plasma from which the protein fibrinogen is removed

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10
Q

cellular elements

A

1) erethrocytes - red blood cells
2) leukocytes - white blood cells
3) thrombocytes - blood platlets

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11
Q

red blood cells

A

STRUCTURE
1) miniature biconcave disc-like structures,
2) flat in the centre and thick and rounded at the periphery
3) very small in size
FUNCTION
- oxygen carriers of the blood - transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues for respiration and other uses

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12
Q

advantages of small size of RBCs

A

1) small size and concavities on either side proivide a larger surface area for more efficient absorption of oxygen
2) enables them to travel easily through the fine blood capillaries where they have to travel in a single file

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13
Q

Haemoglobin

A

1) effective chemical constituent of the RBCs
2) Location - within the colourless, spongy stroma
3) formed from an iron containing-part haemin and a protein globin
4) combine readily with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin, an unstable compound which readily gives oxygen to needy tissues
5) can carry a very small quantity of carbon dioxide in the form of carbamio-haemoglobin
6) very strong affinity for carbon monoxide - forms stable compound carboxyhaemoglobin

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14
Q

carbon monoxide poisoning

A

1) haemoglobin has a very strong affinity for carbon monoxide forming a stable compound called carboxyhaemoglobin
2) cuts the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and can lead to death
3) known as carbon monoxide poisoning
4) E.g. - sleeping near a burning furnace in a small room with no ventilation

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15
Q

site of production of RBCs

A

1) in adults - marrow of long bones especially ribs, sternum, ilium of the hip girdle
2) embryo - spleen and liver
3) children until the age of 5 - marrow of all bones

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16
Q

lifespan of RBCs

A
  • avg. lifespan 120 days
  • old and weak cells destroyed in the spleen, liver and bone marrow
  • iron in them is retained, the rest is excreted as bile pigment bilirubin
17
Q

Justify how RBCs are deficient but efficient

A

1) mature mammalian RBCs lack cell organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum for better functionality
2) RBCs have a nucleus when they are being produced but lose it on maturation -
(i) being enucleated gives them a biconcave shape thus increasing surface area to volume ratio for greater absorption of oxygen
(ii) it also reduces their size allowing more RBCs to be accommodated
3) Mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration. Loss of it prevents them from using the oxygen for themselves.
(i) ensure that the oxygen from the lungs is transported to the tissues unconsumed
(ii) also ensures full transport of glucose in blood plasma is transferred unused by RBCs
4) Lack of endoplasmic reticulum increases the flexibility of the cell for movement through the narrow capillaries

18
Q

White Blood Cells

A

STRUCTURE
1) amoeboid and irregular - can produce pseudopodia to squeeze through capillary walls into tissues
2) have a nucleus and thus larger in size compared to RBCs
3) further classified as granular and non-granular
FUNCTION
1) Provide immunity to the body
2) kill germs, neutralize toxins, produce antibodies, secrete histamine, etc.

19
Q

Production of WBCs

A

produced in

1) red bone marrow
2) lymph nodes and lymph glands like the tonsils, spleen
3) liver

20
Q

lifespan of WBCs

A

1) avg. lifespan of 14 days

2) worn out WBCs destroyed in the same manner as RBCs

21
Q

Leukemia and Leukopenia

A

LEUKEMIA
- cancer of tissues forming WBCs whose number increase manifold at the cost of RBCs
- fatal disease whose only treatment is blood transfusion
LEUKOPENIA
- abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs

22
Q

Types of Leukocyctes

A

1) Granular
- contain cytoplasmic granules
- nucleus constricted into lobes
2) non-granular
- do not contain cytoplasmic granules
- single large nucleus

23
Q

Granular WBCs

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
24
Q

neutrophils

A 
FEATURES
1) nucleus has three-four lobes
2) granular cytoplasm
3) Stain with a neutral dye
FUNCTIONS
- engulf bacteria by phagocytosis
SITE OF PRODUCTION - bone marrow
25
Q

Eosinophils

A 
FEATURES
1) Bi-lobed nucleus
2) large cytoplasmic granules
3) stain dark red with eosin an acidic dye
FUNCTIONS
1) engulf bacteria by phagocytosis
2) secrete antitoxins
3) associated with allergies
SITE OF PRODUCTION - bone marrow
26
Q

basophils

A

FEATURES
1) nucleus large and indistinctly lobed nucleus
2) granular cytoplasm
3) stains with basic dyes like methylene blue
FUNCTIONS
releases chemicals like histamine for inflammation which dilate blood vessels
SITE OF PRODUCTION - bone marrow

27
Q

Non-granular WBCs

A
  • lymphocytes

- monocytes

28
Q

lmphocytes

A 
FEATURES
1) smallest of WBCs
2) single large nucleus
3) non-granular cytoplasm
FUNCTIONS
- produce antibodies
SITE OF PRODUCTION - bone marrow, lymph glands
29
Q

Monocytes

A 
FEATURES
1) Largest of WBCs
2) Large, kidney-shaped nucleus
3) transforms into macrophages at the site of infection
FUNCTIONS
ingest germs
SITE OF PRODUCTION - bone marrow
30
Q

Functions of WBCs

A

1) Defense against germs
2) Reduction of inflammation
3) Formation of antibodies

31
Q

Defense against germs

A

1) phagocytosis is the defense mechanism of WBCs against germs
2) It is the process by which a white blood cell, particularly neutrophils, engulf pathogens at the site of infection
3) WBCs leave the capillary by diapedesis to reach the site of infection - diapedesis is the pseudopodal movement of the WBCs to squeeze out of the thin capillary walls into the tissues
3) neutrophils and eosinophils are phagocytes

32
Q

Act against inflammation

A

1) inflammation is a reaction of tissues tot he localized invasion of germs
2) characteristics of inflamed area - increased local heat, swelling, pain, etc.
3) leukocytes like monocytes and neutrophils migrate through the blood vessels by diapedesis and fight disease-causing germs
4) also destroy damaged cells by phagocytosis

Biology (3 decks)

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