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MCAT > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Atria(Atrium)

A

reservoirs where blood collects from veins

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2
Q

Ventricles

A

Pump blood out of the heart at high pressures into the arteries

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3
Q

Inferior/Superior Vena Cava

A

large veins that pump deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

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4
Q

Do all of the arteries of the body carry oxygenated blood?

A

No, the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

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5
Q

Goals of the circulatory system

A

Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, metabolic waste products, hormones and homeostasis

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6
Q

Perfusion

A

Flow of blood through a tissue

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7
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart at high pressure

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8
Q

Veins

A

Vessels that carry blood toward the heart at low pressure

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9
Q

Arterioles

A

Increasingly smaller branches from arteries as the pressure of blood flow starts to decreases

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10
Q

Ischemia

A

inadequate blood flow

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11
Q

Hypoxia

A

Reduced supply of oxygen

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12
Q

What’s the difference between ischemia and hypoxia?

A

In hypoxia, wastes are adequately removed, but in ischemia they build up. Ischemia is worse.

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13
Q

If the arterioles constrict in a tissue, will material diffuse through the wall of the arterioles into the tissue?

A

No, all exchange of material between the blood and tissues must occur in capillaries. The walls of arterioles are too thick and muscular for exchange to occur.

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14
Q

Capillaries

A

Very small vessels where only a single/ few blood cells from the arterioles pass through and where exchange occurs between blood and tissues

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15
Q

Aorta

A

Single large artery where blood is pumped from the left ventricle

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16
Q

Inner lining of all blood vessels is formed by a thin layer of

A

Endothelial cells

17
Q

Functions of endothelial cells

A

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction, inflammation, angiogenesis, thrombosis

18
Q

Two main types of circulation of blood

A

Pulmonary (heart to lungs) and systemic circulation (heart to rest of the body)

19
Q

Why have mammals evolved a separate circulation for the lungs in comparison to, for example fish?

A

Mammals need more pressure to reach both the body and lungs, so having two separate circulations solves this problem

20
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Blood passes through capillaries in the intestine > collects in veins to travel to the liver > blood once again passes through capillaries

21
Q

Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system

A

Blood passes through the capillaries in the hypothalamus > portal veins > capillaries in the pituitary gland

22
Q

What are portal systems and why did the evolve?

A

They are direct transport systems where nutrients can be directly passed from the intestine to the liver or hypothalamus to the pituitary without passing through the whole body

23
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Branches from the aorta which supply blood to the wall of the heart

24
Q

“Coronary”

A

encircle the heart

25
Q

Coronary veins

A

Deoxygenated blood from the heart travels through this and combine to form the coronary sinus (directly drains into the right atrium)

26
Q

The two atrioventricular valves are

A

Bicuspid valve (between the left atrium and left ventricle) and the tricuspid valve (between the right atrium and right ventricle)

27
Q

the two semilunar valves

A

The pulmonary (between right ventricle and pulmonary artery) and aortic semilunar valve (between left ventricle and the aorta)

28
Q

How does blood in veins travel back to the heart when there is low pressure?

A

Contraction of skeletal muscles and the venous valves which prevent back flow

29
Q

What is the result of venous valve failure?

A

Varicose veins - veins where venous pressure increases in the legs

30
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of ventricles of ventricles and contraction of atriums to propel the blood into the ventricles

31
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of ventricles and closing of AV valves to increase the pressure in the ventricles to ultimately open the semilunar valves; when the ventricle is nearly empty, there is less pressure so the semilunar valves close

32
Q

How strong is atrial compared to ventricular contraction?

A

Much weaker, the muscular walls of atria are much thinner, the ventricles need more muscle to pump blood into capillaries throughout the body

33
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

CO = SV * HR

Cardiac output (L/min) = Stroke volume (L/beat) x Heart rate (beats/minute)

34
Q

Is diastole or systole longer?

A

Diastole, as it is the time between the lub-dup

MCAT (2 decks)

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