Circulatory Shock/Hypotension Flashcards
What is circulatory shock?
Circulatory shock is a life-threatening condition characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation due to various underlying causes.
What is hypotension?
Hypotension is defined as abnormally low blood pressure, often seen in shock.
What are the common causes of hypovolemic shock?
Hemorrhage, dehydration, and burns.
What are the common causes of cardiogenic shock?
Myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias.
What are the common causes of distributive shock?
Septic shock, anaphylactic shock, and neurogenic shock.
What are the common causes of obstructive shock?
Pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, and tension pneumothorax.
What is the pathophysiology of hypovolemic shock?
Reduced intravascular volume leads to decreased preload and cardiac output.
What is the pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock?
Impaired myocardial contractility decreases stroke volume and cardiac output.
What is the pathophysiology of distributive shock?
Widespread vasodilation and increased capillary permeability lead to decreased systemic vascular resistance and maldistribution of blood flow.
What is the pathophysiology of obstructive shock?
Physical obstruction impedes blood flow, reducing cardiac output.
What is the common epidemiology of hypovolemic shock?
Common in trauma, surgical patients, and severe gastrointestinal bleeding.
What is the incidence of cardiogenic shock post-myocardial infarction?
About 7-10% in severe cases.
Where is septic shock most commonly found, and what is its trend?
Leading cause of death in intensive care units, with increasing incidence due to aging populations and antibiotic resistance.
What is a notable trend in anaphylactic shock incidence?
Increasing, particularly due to food allergies and medication reactions.
What are common risk factors for circulatory shock?
Severe trauma or surgery, chronic cardiovascular diseases, infections, severe allergic reactions, and prolonged immobilization.
What are the clinical features of circulatory shock?
Hypotension, tachycardia, cold and clammy skin, altered mental status, decreased urine output, and metabolic acidosis.
What conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of circulatory shock?
Heart failure, severe dehydration without shock, adrenal insufficiency, massive pulmonary embolism, and acute abdomen.
What patient history aspects are important in diagnosing circulatory shock?
Onset and progression of symptoms, recent trauma or surgery, history of cardiovascular disease, allergies or infections, and medication history.
What should be examined in a patient suspected of circulatory shock?
Vital signs, skin condition, jugular venous distention, and lung and heart sounds.
What bedside investigations are used for diagnosing circulatory shock?
Electrocardiogram (ECG), point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), and capillary refill time.
What laboratory tests are essential in diagnosing circulatory shock?
Complete blood count (CBC), electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, lactate levels, arterial blood gas (ABG), and blood cultures.
What imaging studies are useful in diagnosing circulatory shock?
Chest X-ray, echocardiography, and CT scan.
What are the general measures in managing circulatory shock?
Ensure airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs), administer oxygen, establish intravenous access, and monitor vital signs continuously.
What is the specific management for hypovolemic shock?
Fluid resuscitation with crystalloids or blood products.
