Circulatory, Respiratory, & Endocrine Systems Flashcards
Circulatory Systems
- Use F
- Carry N.O.H.WP. OM
Use fluids (blood, hemolymph) to carry nutrients,
oxygen, hormones, waste products, and other
materials throughout the body
The Vertebrate Heart
- Double P
- Puluminary C - deox b
- Systemic C - oxy b
Heart as a double pump with
contractions that generate pressure to supply a
double circulatory system
Pulmonary circuit takes deoxygenated blood
to the lungs to get O2 and brings it back to the heart
Systemic circuit, sends oxygenated blood to
the entire body to deliver oxygen/nutrients
and pick-up CO2 & waste products, eventually
returned to the heart
The Four-chambered Heart
- Atrium & Ventricles
- A Valves & S Valves
Walls separate heart chambers
-Heart has 4 chambers : the left atrium and right atrium (upper chambers), and the left ventricle and right ventricle (lower chambers).
- Atria (sing: atrium) are collecting chambers, attop
- Ventricles are pumping chambers, at bottom
However, valves allow for one-way flow of
blood between chambers
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves separate atria from ventricles
- Semilunar valves separate ventricles from the great vessels going to lungs (pulmonary artery) or
entire body (aorta)
What blood vessel receives blood pumped by the left ventricle? - AV to Ao to Body
By the right
ventricle? - PV to MPA to Lungs
- The left ventricle (LV) pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve into the aorta–the main artery that takes oxygen-rich blood out to the rest of the body
- The right ventricle (RV) pumps oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary valve ) into the main pulmonary artery the blood flows through the right and left pulmonary arteries into the lungs.
Cardiac Cycle
- Diastole & Systole
- Open & close valves
The cardiac cycle can be separated into two phases:
- Diastole = relax and fill with blood
- Systole = contract and send blood out
Pressure in chambers forces valves to open/close
- We can hear the valves closing as the heartbeat
- “Lub” is closing of AV valves
- “Dub” is closing of semilunar valves
Blood Vessels - Arteries
- Decrease S –Further
- Elastic T - recoil
- Use SM - conrtrol BF
Arteries decrease in size further away from the heart
- Elastic tissue in artery walls recoil from pressure
- Arteries use smooth muscle in walls to control blood flow
Blood Vessels - Veins
- Increase - Closer
- Use V & SKP - Return B
Veins increase in size getting closer to the heart
- Use valves and the skeletal muscle “pump” to return blood
Blood Vessels - Capillaries
- G/N Exchange
- TW - diffusion
- Takes N & O2 From B to T
- Takes CO2 & W from T to B
Capillaries are where gas/nutrient exchange takes place
- Thin walls allow for diffusion
- Nutrients and O2 from blood to tissues
- CO2 and wastes from tissues to blood
The Respiratory System
Supplies the body with oxygen and rids it of carbon dioxide
The Nasal Cavity
Inside the nose
- Roof contains smell receptors
Along nasal cavity:
- Bigger particles settle and get trapped by mucus
- Surface area used for warming/humidifying incoming air and reclaiming heat/moisture from outgoing air
The Pharynx and Larynx
- P > Trans. A - N & O cavaties
- L > Airway. Switch A & F. VP
Pharynx : transmits air from nasal and oral cavities
Larynx :
- Provides an open airway (some cartilage)
- Conists of a switching mechanism for air and food (epiglottis)
- Voice production (vocal cords)
Trachea to the Lungs
Air from the larynx passes to the
trachea
- Trachea : a tube with cartilage in the walls
- Also contains cells with cilia and
mucus for trapping and sweeping
particles
Trachea branches to bronchi, then to bronchioles, and eventually to alveoli
- Capillaries along alveoli allow gas
exchange to take place
Diaphragm - Negative Pressure fills the Lungs
Diaphragm contracts and increases volume of chest cavity
- Less pressure in the chest (& lungs) means higher pressure from the environment will push air into lungs (inhalation)
The Endocrine System
A system of coordinated organs involved in the production and release of hormones
- Hormones travel via bloodstream and regulate metabolic functions of other cells at long distances
Response to Hormones - Low & High Levels
- Persistently low hormone levels can cause
target cells to form more receptors (“upregulation”) - Prolonged exposure to high hormone
levels can desensitize target cells (“downregulation”)
