Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Circulatory distubances > Flashcards

Circulatory distubances Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of thrombosis?

A

formation of a compact mass formed of the elements of circulating blood inside vessel or heart during life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the causes of thrombosis?

A
  • damage to vascular endothelium
  • slowing of bloodstream
  • disorders of blood stream
  • changes in blood composition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the mode of formation and types of thrombus?

A
  • pale thrombus
  • mixed thrombus
  • propagating thrombus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is pale thrombus?

A

initial thrombus is formed of platelets only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is mixed thrombus?

A

stasis allows deposition of RBCs and fibrins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is propagating thrombus?

A
  • when a thrombus occludes a vein completely, the proximal column of blood clots till the next tributary
  • opposite the tributary, another thrombus is formed (blood is moving) and when it occludes the lumen completely, it results in the formation of another clot proximal to it
  • the process may be repeated several times (resulting in alternating thrombi and clots) and may even reach the heart (fatal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When does a blood clot occur?

A

same as thrombus but the blood is not moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the sites of thrombus formation?

A
  • thrombosis in veins
  • thrombosis in arteries
  • thrombosis in capillaries
  • thrombosis in heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is thrombosis in veins more common?

A
  • thin walled
  • superficial (easily injured)
  • blood flow is slow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can venous thrombi cause?

A

congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the types of venous thrombi?

A
  • thrombophlebitis
  • phlebothrombosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is thrombophlebitis?

A
  • thrombosis is initiated by inflammation
  • may be septic (in veins draining areas of acute suppuration) or aseptic (in veins exposed to trauma or radiation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is phlebothrombosis?

A
  • thrombosis initiated by factors other than inflammation
  • occurs in veins of feet and calf in cardiac patients due to stasis and compression of veins against the mattress or in femoral and pelvic veins after labour or operations due to increase in number of platelets stasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do post-operative patients need to move?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is septic and non-septic?

A

septic is bacterial and non-septic is non-bacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is thrombosis in arteries less common?

A
  • thick-walled
  • deep (less easily injured and compressed)
  • blood flow is rapid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does thrombosis happen in arteries?

A

on top of atherosclerosis (rough intima) or inside aneurysm (stasis and rough intima) and they cause ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is thrombosis in the heart more common?

A

left side of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the several types of heart thrombosis

A
  • mural = thrombus on rough endocardium, usually at site of myocardial infarction
  • auricular = thrombus inside auricular cavity or adherent to its wall in cases of mitral stenosis
  • vegetations (pale thrombus on valve due to rheumatic and bacterial endocarditis
  • agonal = reed thrombus inside right ventricle at time of death in cases of lobar pneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Does agonal thrombus happen in living people?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Are thrombosis in capillaries rare?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When can thrombosis in capillaries be seen?

A

acute inflammation or severe cold (frost bite)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the fate of thrombus?

A
  • aseptic thrombus = if small –> absorption, but if large –> organisation (invasion by granulation tissue), organisation and canalisation, dystrophic calcification, detachment and embolus formation and propagation
  • septic thrombus = fragmentation resulting in pyaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the definition of embolism?

A

process of impaction of embolus in a narrow vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is an embolus?

A

insoluble mass circulating in the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the types of emboli?

A
  • detached thrombi
  • tumour emboli
  • parasitic emboli
  • bacterial clumps
  • air emboli
  • fat emboli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the sites of embolism?

A
  • systemic arteries (aorta)
  • pulmonary arteries (lungs)
  • portal vein (liver)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the course of emboli of thrombotic origin (thrombo-embolism)?

A
  • emboli from systemic vein or right side of heart impact in lungs
  • emboli from systemic artery or left side of heart impact in any organ (cerebral, renal, splenic)
  • emboli from portal vein impact in liver
  • emboli from systemic vein may by-pass the lungs through septal defect in the heart and impact in any organ (paradoxical embolism)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the effect of emboli of thrombotic origin?

A
  • depends upon size of embolus, nature (aseptic or septic) and state of collateral circulation
  • aseptic emboli: transient ischaemia (no effect) if collaterals are good and infarction if collaterals are poor
  • septic emboli: produce pyaemic abscesses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What can cause air embolism?

A
  • injury of large neck vein
  • Caisson’s disease: occurs in divers when they decent to deep levels, compressed gases are inhaled and increasing amounts of air becomes dissolved in physical solution and ascent should be gradual to allow gradual escape of dissolved air during expiration
  • in case of rapid ascent, air bubbles form in the veins, pass to lungs and return to heart resulting in arterial embolism
31
Q

Does the air dissolved in physical solution become more than oxyhaemoglobin when the diver goes deeper?

A

yes

32
Q

What is the source of embolus for pulmonary embolism?

A
  • thrombi in veins of lower limbs after prolonged bed rest
  • thrombi in iliac or pelvic veins after labour or pelvic operation
  • thrombi in right side of heart: right sided heart failure
33
Q

What is the effect of pulmonary embolism?

A
  • big embolus: occluding pulmonary trunk or one of its main branches leads to release of excessive amounts of serotonin which leads to bilateral pulmonary artery vasoconstriction resulting in sudden death due to acute right sided heart failure (no infarction occurs as there is no time)
  • medium-sized embolus in healthy lung: no effect because the lung has double blood supply (bronchial and pulmonary)
  • medium-sized embolus in lung suffering from chronic venous congestion: haemorrhagic lung infarct
  • small-sized embolus: no effect
34
Q

Does lung have double circulation?

A

yes, pulmonary artery (venous blood) and bronchial artery (arterial blood)

35
Q

If one artery in the lung is blocked what happens?

A

no effect because there is another artery (double circulation)

36
Q

What is the definition of ischaemia?

A

decrease of arterial blood supply tto organ or tissue due to occlusion of its artery

37
Q

What are the types of ischamia?

A
  • sudden (acute ischaemia)
  • gradual (chronic ischaemia)
38
Q

What is the cause of sudden ischamia?

A

sudden complete

39
Q

What is the cause of gradual ischaemia?

A

gradual incomplete arterial occlusion by atherosclerosis, marked arteritis with obliteration and artery compression by tumour, etc…

40
Q

What is the effect of acute ischaemia?

A
  • with poor collaterals (end arteries) –> infarction or gangrene
  • with good collaterals –> no effect
41
Q

What is the effect of chronic ischaemia?

A
  • with poor collaterals –> ischaemic atrophy
  • with good collaterals –> no effect
42
Q

Does pulmonary embolism cause pulmonary infarction?

A

no

43
Q

serotonine release in big embolism only?

A

yes

44
Q

When is there infarction in pulmonary embolism?

A

in medium-sized embolism in diseased lungs only

45
Q

What are some organs with poor collaterals?

A

heart and brain

46
Q

is gradual incomplete arterial occlusion reversible?

A

no

47
Q

How can atherosclerosis appear?

A
  • old age
  • people who eat a lot of fats
  • smoking
48
Q

What is the definition of gangrene?

A

massive tissue necrosis followed by putrefaction

49
Q

What causes necrosis?

A
  • sudden ischaemia
  • bacterial toxins
50
Q

What causes putrefaction?

A
  • saprophytic bacteria which breaks down proteins and produces H2S (bad odour)
  • the latter reacts with iron of haemoglobin forming iron sulphide (black in colour)
51
Q

What are the types of gangrene?

A
  • classified according to amount of blood and issue fluids in the affected part at the time of its death
  • dry gangrene
  • moist gangrene
52
Q

What are the characteristics of dry gangrene?

A
  • occurs due to cut of arterial blood supply alone while the venous and lymphatic drainage and surface evaporation are normal
  • caused by thrombosis, embolism, surgical ligature, etc…
  • best example is senile atrophy which usually affects old males
53
Q

What are the predisposing factors of dry gangrene?

A
  • atherosclerosis which affects the main artery as well as the collaterals
  • atherosclerosis predisposes to arterial thrombosis
  • week cardiac action helps vascular stasis and thrombus formation
  • low body resistance at ol ages
54
Q

What does irritation to ischaemic tissue respond by?

A

necrosis

55
Q

What is the response of living tissue to irritation?

A

inflammation

56
Q

What is the response of dead tissue to irritation?

A

putrefaction

57
Q

What are the pathological features of dry gangrene?

A
  • arterial occlusion occurs either spontaneously (thrombosis on top of atherosclerosis or due to mild injury)
  • condition usually begins at the tip of big toe
  • cut of blood supply will result in a small area pf necrosis which is rapidly invaded by saprophytic bacteria resulting in gangrene
  • necrotic part appears pale and cold at first but as gangrene develops it becomes black, shrunken and mummified and has bad odour
  • putrefaction of gangrenous part produces small amounts of toxins that irritate the adjacent ischaemic tissues which respond to irritation by necrosis
  • necrotic tissues then undergo putrefaction and become gangrenous
  • gangrenous process spreads proximally until it reaches an area of good blood supply (usually around knee) where the tissues respond to irritation by inflammation
  • now the gangrenous process stops and a red line of acute inflammation, known as line of demarcation appears separating the healthy skin above from the gangrenous skin below
  • a groove known as line of separation formed by granulation tissue separates the healthy tissues above from the gangrenous tissues below
  • this groove may gradually depends until it separates the gangrenous part (natural amputation), leaving a conical shape
  • the conical shape of the stump is due to variation of blood supply
58
Q

What are characteristics of diabetic gangrene?

A
  • more common in diabetic females after the age of 45 years
  • uncontrolled diabetes results in hyperlipaemia which leads to atherosclerosis at an earlier age
59
Q

What are the characteristics of dry gangrene?

A
  • caused by occlusion of arterial blood supply alone
  • usually affects exposed limbs
  • putrefaction is slow
  • spread is slow
  • toxins are minimal in amount
  • toxaemia is mild (not fatal)
  • line of demarcation is well developed
  • natural amputation can occur
  • affected part is shrunken and black
60
Q

What are the characteristics of moist gangrene?

A
  • caused by occlusion of both arterial and venous blood supply
  • usually affects internal organs
  • putrefaction is rapid
  • spread is rapid
  • toxins are maximal in amount
  • toxaemia is severe (fatal)
  • line of demarcation is poorly developed
  • line of separation is absent
  • natural amputation cannot occur
  • affected part is swollen and brown
61
Q

What is the definition of haemorrhage?

A

escape of blood outside blood vessels or heart

62
Q

What are the causes of haemorrhage?

A
  • traumatic
  • spontaneous
63
Q

What are the causes of traumatic haemorrhage?

A

mechanical injury following trauma or surgery

64
Q

What are the causes of spontaneous haemorrhage?

A
  • disease of vessel wall: atheroma, aneurysm
  • inflammation of vessel wall: phlebitis
  • destruction of vessel wall: peptic ulcer, malignant tumour
  • increased intra-vascular pressure: hypertension and venous congestion
  • haemorrhagic blood disease: haemophili and purpura
  • vitamin C and K deficiency
65
Q

What are the types of haemorrhage?

A
  • external
  • internal
  • interstitial
66
Q

What are examples of external haemorrhage?

A
  • epistaxis: bleeding from nose
  • haemoptysis: coughing of blood from lungs (red, frothy alkaline blood)
  • haematemesis: vomiting of blood form stomach (brown, acidic blood mixed with food)
  • melena: passage of dark digested blood with stools blood originates from duodenum, stomach or oesophagus)
  • haematuria: blood in urine
  • menorrhagia: regular uterine bleeding (heavy period)
  • metrorrhagia: irregular uterine bleeding
  • haemorrhage from skin
67
Q

What are examples of internal haemorrhage?

A
  • haemothorax: blood in pleura
  • haemoperitneum: blood in peritoneal cavity
  • haematocoele: blood in tunica vaginalis (scrotum)
  • haemarthrosis: blood inside joint cavity
  • extradural and subdural: blood outside (between dura matter and skull) or under dura matter (between dura matter and brain)
68
Q

What is interstitial haemorrhage?

A

blood in between tissue spaces

69
Q

What are examples of interstitial haemorrhage?

A
  • petechial haemorrhage: small amount from capillary haemorrhage
  • ecchymosis: moderate amount of blood
  • haematoma: large amount of blood
70
Q

What is the definition of oedema?

A

pathological accumulation of excess fluids (transudate or exudate) in the intestinal tissue spaces and serous sacs

71
Q

WHat are the causes of oedema?

A
  • increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • decreased plasma osmotic pressure
  • increased capillary permeability
  • sodium and water retention
  • lymphatic obstruction
72
Q

What are the types of oedema according to distribution?

A

localised
- inflammatory oedema
- venous obstruction oedema
- lymphatic obstruction oedema
generalised
- cardiac
- hepatic = nutritional
- renal

73
Q

What are the types of oedema according to nature?

A
  • pitting oedema (usually in generalised oedema)
  • non-pitting oedema

Pathology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions