circulatory disorders part 1

Question 1

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 1

pressure driving blood into capillaries (blood pressure)

Question 2

oncotic pressure

Answer 2

protein pressure, moves fluid into vessels

Question 3

inflammatory edema

Answer 3

increased vascular permeability

exudate

Question 4

non inflammatory edema

Answer 4

transudate

ie liver failure, CHF

Question 5

Answer 5

edema

wet, gelatinous/heavy, swollen organs,fluid weeps from cut surfaces, may be yellow

Question 6

Answer 6

histological appearance of edema

clear or pale eosinophilic staining depending on whether it is non inflammatory or inflammatory edeam.

spaces are distended

blood vessels may be filled with red blood cells

lymphatics are dilated

collagen bundles are separted.

Question 7

only look at image of gelding

Answer 7

pitting edema

pressure is applied to an area of edema a depression or dent results as result of excessive intersitial fluid that is forced into adjacent areas

Question 8

Answer 8

hydrothorax

fluid in thoracic cavity

Question 9

Answer 9

pericardia effusion

mulberry heart disease (inflammatory edema).

note fibrin strands and cloudy appearance of the pericardial fluid

Question 10

Answer 10

ascites or hydroperitoneum

fluid (transudate) within peritoneal cavity

dog with CHF

Question 11

Answer 11

ascites

horse with CHF

Question 12

Answer 12

anasarca

generalized edema with profuse. accumulation of fluid within subcutaneous tissue

Question 13

Answer 13

submandibular edema (bottle jaw)

commonly associated with severe GI parasitism and hypoproteinemia in sheep

Question 14

Answer 14

protein losing enteropathy

horse forelimb, this animal has generalized edema

Question 15

clinical significance of edema

Answer 15

dependent upon: extent location and duration

tissue may become firm and distorted due to an increase in fibrous connective tissue after prolonged edema

Question 16

pulmonary edema

inflamm and non inflammatory

Answer 16

non inflammatory edema: associated to left-sided congestion heart failure

inflammatory edema: damage to pulmonary capillary endothelium (pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome)

Question 17

Answer 17

pulmonary edema, pig

Question 18

Answer 18

pulmonary edema

Question 19

chronic pulmonary edema

Answer 19

most commonly associated with cardiac failure

alveolar walls become thickened–> may lead to fibrosis

congestion, micro-hemorrhages –> accumulation of heart failure cells

Question 20

hyperemia and congestion

Answer 20

bother terms indicate local increase in blood volume and flow within vascular bed

hyperemia: increase of arteriole mediated engorgment of vascular bed. blood is oxygenated (red)

congestion indicates passive, venous engorgment. blood is not oxygenated (blue)

Question 21

types of hyperemia

Answer 21

physiological hyperemia: digestion, exercise, dissipate heat, neurovascular (red cheeks)

pathological hyperemia: usually caused by inflammation

Question 22

Answer 22

gastric volvulus in dog

Question 23

Answer 23

intestinal volvulus in horse

Question 24

Answer 24

pulmonary congestion

usually result of heart failure and associated with edema

Question 25

Answer 25

chronic pulmonary edema and congestion secondary to left sided CHF

Question 26

Answer 26

subacute to chronic hepatic congestion

usually result of right sided heart failure

Question 27

Answer 27

chronic hepatic congestion

nutmeg liver

Question 28

Answer 28

Question 29

Answer 29

subacute hepatic congestion nutmeg liver

chronically there is low grade hypoxia, increase pressure of centrolobular hepatocytes leading to atrophy and necrosis